{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:51:37Z","timestamp":1784217097475,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,20]],"date-time":"2009-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The output power produced by high-concentration solar thermal and photovoltaic systems is directly related to the amount of solar energy acquired by the system, and it is therefore necessary to track the sun\u2019s position with a high degree of accuracy. Many systems have been proposed to facilitate this task over the past 20 years. Accordingly, this paper commences by providing a high level overview of the sun tracking system field and then describes some of the more significant proposals for closed-loop and open-loop types of sun tracking systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90503875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,20]],"date-time":"2009-05-20T11:56:26Z","timestamp":1242820586000},"page":"3875-3890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":212,"title":["Sun Tracking Systems: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chia-Yen","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Cheng","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interior Design, Shu-Te University, Kaohisung County, 824 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Che-Ming","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, 700 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiu-Feng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-1481(97)81446-2","article-title":"Solar skylight apparatus","volume":"12","author":"Raasakka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Renew. 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