{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T03:13:27Z","timestamp":1762917207792,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,3]],"date-time":"2009-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most Ground Penetrating Radars (GPR) cover a wide frequency range by emitting very short time wavelets. In this work, we study in detail the wavelet emitted by two bowtie GPR antennas with nominal frequencies of 800 MHz and 1 GHz. Knowledge of this emitted wavelet allows us to extract as much information as possible from recorded signals, using advanced processing techniques and computer simulations. Following previously published methodology used by Rial et al. [1], which ensures system stability and reliability in data acquisition, a thorough analysis of the wavelet in both time and frequency domain is performed. Most of tests were carried out with air as propagation medium, allowing a proper analysis of the geometrical attenuation factor. Furthermore, we attempt to determine, for each antenna, a time zero in the records to allow us to correctly assign a position to the reflectors detected by the radar. Obtained results indicate that the time zero is not a constant value for the evaluated antennas, but instead depends on the characteristics of the material in contact with the antenna.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90604230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,3]],"date-time":"2009-06-03T12:24:59Z","timestamp":1244031899000},"page":"4230-4246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Analysis of the Emitted Wavelet of High-Resolution Bowtie GPR Antennas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fernando  I.","family":"Rial","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources & Environmental Engineering, EUET Forestal, University of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira s\/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources & Environmental Engineering, EUET Forestal, University of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira s\/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources & Environmental Engineering, EUET Forestal, University of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira s\/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Armesto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources & Environmental Engineering, EUET Forestal, University of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira s\/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.3390\/s90301454","article-title":"Waveform Analysis of UWB GPR Antennas","volume":"9","author":"Rial","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Skolnik, M.I. (2001). Introduction to Radar Systems, MacGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Yarovoy, A., and Ligthart, P. (, January May). Ultra-WideBand Technology Today. Warszawa, Poland."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Barret, T.D. (2001). History of Ultra Wideband Communications and Radar: Part II. Microwave J., 22\u201353."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Annan, A.P. (2003). Ground Penetrating Radar. Principles, Procedures & Applications, Sensors & Software, Inc."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Gracia, V., DiCapua, D., Gonz\u00e1lez-Drigo, R., and Pujades, L. Laboratory characterization of a GPR antenna for high-resolution testing: Radiation pattern and vertical resolution. NDT&E Int."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Millard, S.G., Shaari, A., and Bungey, J.H. (, January April-May). Resolution of GPR Bow-Tie Antennas. Santa Barbara, California, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy, N.J. (2007). A review of practical numerical modelling methods for the advanced interpretation of ground-penetrating radar in near-surface environments. Near Surf. Geophys., 5\u201321.","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2006014"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Yelf, R., and Carse, A. Audit of a road bridge superstructure using GPR. Gold Coast, Australia."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Chunlin, H., and Yi, S. (, January June). A New GPR Calibration Method for High Accuracy Thickness and Permittivity Measurement of Multi-layered Pavement. Delft, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Nuzzo, L., and Quarta, T. (, January June). Metal-sheet test to estimate shape and frequency content of the radar pulse. Naples, Italy."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Yelf, R. (, January June). Where is True Time Zero?. Delft, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniels, D.J. (2004). Ground Penetrating Radar, The Institution of Electrical Engineers. 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Mater."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/6\/4230\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:29Z","timestamp":1760220629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/6\/4230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,3]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s90604230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90604230","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,3]]}}}