{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T15:44:34Z","timestamp":1784389474549,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]],"date-time":"2009-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1244764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the design, construction and testing of a new photodiode-based pyranometer for the visible spectral range (approx. 400 to 750 nm), whose principal characteristics are: accuracy, ease of connection, immunity to noise, remote programming and operation, interior temperature regulation, cosine error minimisation and all this at a very low cost, tens of times lower than that of commercial thermopile-based devices. This new photodiode-based pyranometer overcomes traditional problems in this type of device and offers similar characteristics to those of thermopile-based pyranometers and, therefore, can be used in any installation where reliable measurement of solar irradiance is necessary, especially in those where cost is a deciding factor in the choice of a meter. This new pyranometer has been registered in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office under the number P200703162.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90604615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]],"date-time":"2009-06-12T12:03:20Z","timestamp":1244808200000},"page":"4615-4634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["A New and Inexpensive Pyranometer for the Visible Spectral Range"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Miguel  A.","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DIESIA, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de la Universidad de Huelva, Ctra. Palos de la Ftra.-Huelva s\/n, 21819, Palos de la Ftra. Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0631-0021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9  M.","family":"And\u00fajar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIESIA, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de la Universidad de Huelva, Ctra. Palos de la Ftra.-Huelva s\/n, 21819, Palos de la Ftra. Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan  M.","family":"Enrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIESIA, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de la Universidad de Huelva, Ctra. Palos de la Ftra.-Huelva s\/n, 21819, Palos de la Ftra. Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kipp & Zonen Available online at: http:\/\/www.kippzonen.-com\/?download\/5291\/CM+21+Pyranometer+-+Manual+(English).aspx (accessed May 5, 2009)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(95)00017-L","article-title":"Cosine response characteristics of some radiometric and photometric sensors","volume":"54","author":"Michalsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2493","article-title":"Experimental investigation of spectral global irradiance measurement errors due to a non ideal cosine response","volume":"23","author":"Blumthaler","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.3390\/s7102330","article-title":"Effect of stimated daily global solar radiation data on the results of crop growth models","volume":"7","author":"Trnka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.3390\/s8052913","article-title":"Modeling spatio-temporal dynamics of optimum tilt angles for solar collectors in turkey","volume":"8","author":"Ertekin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Coulson, K.L. (1975). Solar and terrestrial Radiation, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018<0297:MOBDSI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Measurement of broadband diffuse solar irradiance using current commercial instrumentation with a correction for thermal offset errors","volume":"18","author":"Dutton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmosph. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2000)017<0165:COTEIP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Characterization of thermal effects in pyranometers: a data correction algorithm for improved measurement of surface insolation","volume":"17","author":"Bush","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Atmosph. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.40.000472","article-title":"Determination of the thermal offset of the Eppley precision spectral pyranometer","volume":"4","author":"Haeffelin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-092X(03)00124-5","article-title":"A method to calibrate a solar pyranometer for measuring reference diffuse irradiance","volume":"74","author":"Reda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"King, D.L., and Myers, D.R. Silicon-Photodiode pyranometers: operational characteristics, historical experiences, and new calibration procedures. Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(91)90121-C","article-title":"Spectral and temperature correction for silicon photovoltaic solar radiation sensors","volume":"47","author":"Michalsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"King, D.L., Boyson, W.E., Hansen, B.R., and Bower, W.I. Improved Accuracy for Low Cost Solar Irradiance Sensors. Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-092X(87)80036-1","article-title":"Empirical radiometric correction of a silicon photodiode rotating shadowband pyranometer","volume":"39","author":"Michalsky","year":"1987","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Doebelin, E.O. (1990). Measurements Systems, Application and Design, McGraw Hill. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1109\/19.816142","article-title":"A microcontroller-based data acquisition system for solar radiation and environmental monitoring","volume":"48","author":"Mukaro","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3390\/s8020963","article-title":"Preliminary results on design and implementation of a solar radiation monitoring system","volume":"8","author":"Balan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Available online at: http:\/\/www.physics.utoronto.ca\/~astummer\/pub\/mirror\/Projects\/Util\/Photodiode%20Characteristics%20and%20Applications%20(UDT%20Sensors%20Inc).pdf (accessed May 5, 2009)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2005.02.010","article-title":"A method for improving global pyranometer measurements by modelling responsivity functions","volume":"80","author":"Lester","year":"2006","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"King, D.L., Kratochvil, J.A., and Boyson, W.E. Measuring Solar Spectral and Angle of Incidence Effects on Photovoltaic Modules and Solar Irradiance Sensors. Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<0677:IIPD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Investigations in pyranometer design","volume":"15","author":"Beaubien","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmosph. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1117\/12.47534","article-title":"Optical characteristics of the Teflon AF fluoro-plastic materials","volume":"1330","author":"Lowry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14321","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900180","article-title":"The uncertainty of measurement of spectra solar UV irradiance","volume":"104","author":"Bernhard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(93)90109-2","article-title":"Dust-induced degradation of pyranometer sensitivity","volume":"50","author":"Feuermann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Hamamatsu Corp. Available online at: http:\/\/sales.hamamatsu.com\/assets\/applications\/Combined\/choosing-detector.pdf (accessed May 5, 2009)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.101.016","article-title":"Irradiance of horizontal quartz-halogen standard lamps","volume":"101","author":"Early","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Tech."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Burr Brown Corp. Available online at: http:\/\/focus.ti.com\/lit\/an\/sboa035\/sboa035.pdf (accessed May 5, 2009)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Graeme, J. (1996). Photodiode amplifiers. Op amp solutions, Mc-Graw Hill."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(1998). TIA\/EIA STANDARD TIA\/EIA-485-A. Electrical Characteristics of Generators and Receivers for Use in Balanced Digital Multipoint Systems, Telecommunications Industry Association."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Telecommunications Industry Association (1998). Application Guidelines for TIA\/EIA-485-A. TIA\/EIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS BULLETIN TSB89."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Available on line: http:\/\/www.maxim-ic.com\/appnotes.cfm\/an_pk\/763\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Imamura, M.S., Grottke, M., Helm, P., Guastella, S., and Mansone, M. (, January October,). Assessment of Simplified Outdoor Calibration Methods for Silicon Solar Irradiance Sensors. Montreux, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ossenbri, H.K (2003, January 2-16). Calibration Procedures\u2014State of the Art. Photovoltaic Energy Conversion. Osaka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Zhou, C., and Michalsky, J.J. (1992). Spectral correction of silicon photodiode solar radiation detectors. Am. Solar Energy Soc., 335\u2013339."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(1992). Solar Energy\u2014Calibration of field pyranometers by comparison to a reference pyranometer, ISO 9847."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(1990). [1st ed.]. Specification and classification of instruments for measuring hemispherical solar and direct radiation, ISO 9060."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/6\/4615\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:34Z","timestamp":1760220634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/6\/4615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s90604615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90604615","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]]}}}