{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T14:00:08Z","timestamp":1776780008612,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]],"date-time":"2009-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1244764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyaniline (PANI), an attractive conductive polymer, has been successfully applied in fabricating various types of enzyme-based biosensors. In this study, we have employed mesoporous silica SBA-15 to stably entrap horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and then deposited the loaded SBA-15 on the PANI modified platinum electrode to construct a GA\/SBA-15(HRP)\/PANI\/Pt biosensor. The mesoporous structures and morphologies of SBA-15 with or without HRP were characterized. Enzymatic protein assays were employed to evaluate HRP immobilization efficiency. Our results demonstrated that the constructed biosensor displayed a fine linear correlation between cathodic response and H2O2 concentration in the range of 0.02 to 18.5 mM, with enhanced sensitivity. In particular, the current approach provided the PANI modified biosensor with improved stability for multiple measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90604635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]],"date-time":"2009-06-12T12:03:20Z","timestamp":1244808200000},"page":"4635-4648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Immobilization of HRP in Mesoporous Silica and Its Application for the Construction of Polyaniline Modified Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chien-Chung","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing-Shan","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yesong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.08.014","article-title":"Enhancing the sensitivity and stability of HRP\/PANI\/Pt electrode by implanted bovine serum albumin","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(01)00312-8","article-title":"Application of conducting polymers to biosensors","volume":"17","author":"Gerard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(96)01929-6","article-title":"Potentiometric biosensors based on polyaniline semiconductor films","volume":"33","author":"Karyakin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B: Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2481(01)00170-9","article-title":"A novel electrochemical SPR biosensor","volume":"3","author":"Kang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2003.12.032","article-title":"Polyaniline-uricase biosensor prepared with template process","volume":"19","author":"Kan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.09.014","article-title":"Glucose biosensor based on Au nanoparticles-conductive polyaniline nanocomposite","volume":"21","author":"Xian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.04.068","article-title":"Improved performance of polyaniline-uricase biosensor","volume":"594","author":"Arora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2003.11.028","article-title":"Urea biosensor based on PANi(urease)-Nation (R)\/Au composite electrode","volume":"20","author":"Luo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02788878","article-title":"Glucose biosensor using glucose-oxidase immobilized in polyaniline","volume":"37","author":"Parente","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.2144\/04375RV01","article-title":"Glutaraldehyde: behavior in aqueous solution, reaction with proteins, and application to enzyme crosslinking","volume":"37","author":"Migneault","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(03)00021-9","article-title":"Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase onto polyaniline polymers","volume":"38","author":"Fernandes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1021\/cm000487a","article-title":"Catalytic activity in organic solvents and stability of immobilized enzymes depend on the pore size and surface characteristics of mesoporous silica","volume":"12","author":"Takahashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2004.08.018","article-title":"Studies on the activity and stability of immobilized alpha-amylase in ordered mesoporous silicas","volume":"77","author":"Pandya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mat."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4577","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0485658","article-title":"Ordered mesoporous materials for bioadsorption and biocatalysis","volume":"17","author":"Hartmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-1177(96)00017-3","article-title":"Enzyme immobilization in MCM-41 molecular sieve","volume":"2","author":"Diaz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-1811(01)00257-8","article-title":"Immobilized enzymes in ordered mesoporous silica materials and improvement of their stability and catalytic activity in an organic solvent","volume":"44","author":"Takahashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mat."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8291","DOI":"10.1021\/la000660h","article-title":"Hexagonal to mesocellular foam phase transition in polymer-templated mesoporous silicas","volume":"16","author":"Lettow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6024","DOI":"10.1021\/ja974025i","article-title":"Nonionic triblock and star diblock copolymer and oligomeric surfactant syntheses of highly ordered, hydrothermally stable, mesoporous silica structures","volume":"120","author":"Zhao","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7323","DOI":"10.1021\/jp037303a","article-title":"Adsorption of lysozyme over mesoporous molecular sieves MCM-41 and SBA-15: Influence of pH and aluminum incorporation","volume":"108","author":"Vinu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-1177(01)00011-X","article-title":"Enzyme immobilisation using SBA-15 mesoporous molecular sieves with functionalised surfaces","volume":"15","author":"Yiu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2004.05.004","article-title":"Immobilization of enzymes in mesoporous materials: controlling the entrance to nanospace","volume":"73","author":"Lei","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mat."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5511","DOI":"10.1021\/la047225y","article-title":"Physical and chemical adsorption of Mucor javanicus lipase on SBA-15 mesoporous silica. Synthesis, structural characterization, and activity performance","volume":"21","author":"Salis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2004.06.080","article-title":"Functionalized nanoporous silicas for the immobilization of penicillin acylase","volume":"237","author":"Chong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.12.020","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles-mesoporous silica composite used as an enzyme immobilization matrix for amperometric glucose biosensor construction","volume":"124","author":"Bai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.10.015","article-title":"A bienzyme channeling glucose sensor with a wide concentration range based on co-entrapment of enzymes in SBA-15 mesopores","volume":"23","author":"Dai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"695","article-title":"Determination of cardiac troponin I by anodic stripping voltammetry at SBA-15 modified carbon paste electrode","volume":"156","author":"Guo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nanopor. Mater. IV"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-1064-3","article-title":"Immobilization of hemoglobin on SBA-15 applied to the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2","volume":"387","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal.Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0302-4598(95)01893-X","article-title":"In situ electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy investigation of structure for horseradish peroxidase and its electrocatalytic property","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.10.015","article-title":"A bienzyme channeling glucose sensor with a wide concentration range based on co-entrapment of enzymes in SBA-15 mesopores","volume":"23","author":"Dai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200403163","article-title":"Mesoporous materials promoting direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of horseradish peroxidase","volume":"17","author":"Dai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2006.09.009","article-title":"Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase immobilized on a hexagonal mesoporous silica-MCM-41 matrix","volume":"70","author":"Dai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200603792","article-title":"Study on direct Electrochemistry of glucose oxidase stabilized by cross-linking and immobilized in silica nanoparticle films","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crci.2004.10.003","article-title":"Impact of mesoporous silica-based materials on electrochemistry and feedback from electrochemical science to the characterization of these ordered materials","volume":"8","author":"Walcarius","year":"2005","journal-title":"C. R. Chim."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10605","DOI":"10.1021\/la061107o","article-title":"Redox-active silica nanoparticles-part 1: electrochemistry and catalytic activity of spherical, nonporous silica particles with nanometric diameters and covalently bound redox-active modifications","volume":"22","author":"Budny","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11320","DOI":"10.1021\/la051616a","article-title":"Functionalized mesoporous silica films as a matrix for anchoring electrochemically active guests","volume":"21","author":"Rathousky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcatb.2007.07.005","article-title":"Influence of pH and ionic strength on the adsorption, leaching and activity of myoglobin immobilized onto ordered mesoporous silicates","volume":"49","author":"Essa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2008.08.026","article-title":"Effect of addition of pore expanding agent on changes of structure characteristics of ordered mesoporous silicas","volume":"255","author":"Marczewski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2007.06.054","article-title":"Synthesis of functionalized SBA-15 with ordered large pore size and its adsorption properties of BSA","volume":"110","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mat."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2006.04.055","article-title":"Synthesis of ordered large pore SBA-15 spherical particles for adsorption of biomolecules","volume":"1122","author":"Katiyar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr A."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/6\/4635\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:34Z","timestamp":1760220634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/6\/4635"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s90604635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90604635","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]]}}}