{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:56:35Z","timestamp":1767707795708,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,16]],"date-time":"2009-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1245110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In clustered sensor networks, electing CHs (Cluster Heads) in a secure manner is very important because they collect data from sensors and send the aggregated data to the sink. If a compromised node is elected as a CH, it can illegally acquire data from all the members and even send forged data to the sink. Nevertheless, most of the existing CH election schemes have not treated the problem of the secure CH election. Recently, random value based protocols have been proposed to resolve the secure CH election problem. However, these schemes cannot prevent an attacker from suppressing its contribution for the change of CH election result and from selectively forwarding its contribution for the disagreement of CH election result. In this paper, we propose a modified random value scheme to prevent these disturbances. Our scheme dynamically adjusts the forwarding order of contributions and discards a received contribution when its signal strength is lower than the specified level to prevent these malicious actions. The simulation results have shown that our scheme effectively prevents attackers from changing and splitting an agreement of CH election result. Also, they have shown that our scheme is relatively energy-efficient than other schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90604709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,16]],"date-time":"2009-06-16T13:02:47Z","timestamp":1245157367000},"page":"4709-4727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Secure Cluster Head Sensor Elections Using Signal Strength Estimation and Ordered Transmissions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Gicheol","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Networking Resources, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, KISTI \/ Daejeon, 305-806, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gihwan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAIIT, Div. of Electronics and Information Engineering, Chonbuk Univ. \/ Jeonju, 561-756, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2002.804190","article-title":"An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks","volume":"1","author":"Heinzelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2004.41","article-title":"HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks","volume":"3","author":"Younis","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Gupta, G., and Younis, M. Performance evaluation of load-balanced clustering of wireless sensor networks. Papeete, Polynesia."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Jolly, G., Kuscu, M.C., Kokate, P., and Younis, M. (\u2013, January June). A low-energy key management protocol for wireless sensor networks. Kiris-Kemer, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2006.1632659","article-title":"Dynamic key management in sensor networks","volume":"44","author":"Eltoweissy","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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(2007, January April). Non-manipulable aggregator node election protocols for wireless sensor networks. Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/WIOPT.2007.4480031"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eschenauer, L., and Gilgor, V.D. (2002, January November). A key management scheme for distributed sensor networks. Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/586110.586117"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Chan, H., Perrig, A., and Song, D. (2003, January May). Random key predistribution schemes for distributed sensor networks. Berkeley, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, A.C., Vilaca, M.A., Oliveira, L.B., Habib, E., Wong, H.C., and Loureriro, A.A. (2005, January April). On the security of cluster-based communication protocols for wireless sensor networks. Reunion Island, France. LNCS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-31956-6_53"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016598314198","article-title":"SPINS: Security protocols for sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Perrig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wireless Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, L.B., Wong, H.C., Bern, M., Dahab, R., and Loureiro, A.A.F. (2006, January July). SecLEACH - A random key distribution solution for securing clustered sensor networks. Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.5753\/sbseg.2005.21529"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., and Cho, G. (2003, January June). Two phases based cluster formation scheme for mobile ad hoc networks. Melbourne, Australia and St. Petersburg, Russia. LNCS.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44860-8_20"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Sun, K., Ning, R., Wang, C., Liu, A., and Zhou, Y. (-, January October). TinySeRSync: secure and resilient time synchronization in wireless sensor networks. Alexandria, VA, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/6\/4709\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:35Z","timestamp":1760220635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/6\/4709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,16]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s90604709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90604709","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,16]]}}}