{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T16:28:44Z","timestamp":1770481724305,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,2]],"date-time":"2009-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A relative height threshold is defined to separate potential roof points from the point cloud, followed by a segmentation of these points into homogeneous areas fulfilling the defined constraints of roof planes. The normal vector of each laser point is an excellent feature to decompose the point cloud into segments describing planar patches. An objectbased error assessment is performed to determine the accuracy of the presented classification. It results in 94.4% completeness and 88.4% correctness. Once all roof planes are detected in the 3D point cloud, solar potential analysis is performed for each point. Shadowing effects of nearby objects are taken into account by calculating the horizon of each point within the point cloud. Effects of cloud cover are also considered by using data from a nearby meteorological station. As a result the annual sum of the direct and diffuse radiation for each roof plane is derived. The presented method uses the full 3D information for both feature extraction and solar potential analysis, which offers a number of new applications in fields where natural processes are influenced by the incoming solar radiation (e.g., evapotranspiration, distribution of permafrost). The presented method detected fully automatically a subset of 809 out of 1,071 roof planes where the arithmetic mean of the annual incoming solar radiation is more than 700 kWh\/m2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90705241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,3]],"date-time":"2009-07-03T03:00:00Z","timestamp":1246590000000},"page":"5241-5262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Automatic Roof Plane Detection and Analysis in Airborne Lidar Point Clouds for Solar Potential Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Jochem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Innsbruck, Department of Geography, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"H\u00f6fle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rutzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, 7500 Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s8117323","article-title":"A comprehensive automated 3D approach for building extraction, reconstruction, and regularization from airborne laser scanning point clouds","volume":"8","author":"Dorninger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fornather, J. (2005). Schneelasten auf tragwerke neu geregelt hintergrund und auswirkung auf die baupraxis, Technical report, \u00d6sterreichisches Normungsinstitut, Austria,."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"V\u00f6gtle, T., Steinle, E., and T\u00f3v\u00e1ri, D. (,  2005). Airborne laserscanning data for determination of suitable areas for photovoltaics. Enschede, The Neatherlands."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Kassner, R., Koppe, W., Sch\u00fcttenberg, T., and Bareth, G. (,  2008). Analysis of the solar potential of roofs by using official lidar data. Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.05.008","article-title":"Correction of laser scanning intensity data: correction of laser scanning intensity data","volume":"62","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogram. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, K. (2007). Photogrammetry, Walter de Gruyter. Vol. 1: Geometry from Images and Laser Scans;.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110892871"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(99)00015-5","article-title":"Airborne laser scanning: basic relations and formulas","volume":"54","author":"Baltsavias","year":"1999","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogram. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Vosselman, G. (,  2008). Analysis of planimetric accuracy of airborne laser scanning surveys. Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Oude Elberink, S. (,  2008). Problems in automated building reconstruction based on dense airborne laser scanning data. Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(99)00011-8","article-title":"Airborne laser scanning an introduction and overview","volume":"54","author":"Wehr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Photogram. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Shan, J., and Toth, C. (2008). Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning: Principles and Processing, CRC Press Inc - Taylor & Francis Ltd."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaschke, T., Lang, S., and Hay, G. (2008). Object-Based Image Analysis - Spatial concepts for knowledge-driven remote sensing applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77058-9"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarsha-Kurdi, F., Landes, T., and Grussenmeyer, P. (,  2007). Joint combination of point cloud and dsm for 3D building reconstruction using airborne laser scanner data. Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/URS.2007.371843"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"GRASS Development Team http:\/\/grass.osgeo.org."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Matikainen, L., Hyypp\u00e4, J., and Hyypp\u00e4, H. (2003). Automatic detection of buildings from laserscanner data for map updating. XXXIV, 218\u2013224."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Forlani, G., and Nardinocchi, C. (2001). Building detection and roof extraction in laser scanning data. XXXIV, 319\u2013328."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Rottensteiner, F., Trinder, J., Clode, S., and Kubik, K. (,  2005). Automated delineation of roof planes from lidar data. Enschede, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kaartinen, H., Hyypp\u00e4, J., G\u00fclch, E., Vosselman, G., Hyypp\u00e4, H., Matikainen, L., Hofmann, A., M\u00e4der, U., Persson, A., S\u00f6derman, U., Elmqvist, M., Ruiz, A., Dragoja, M., Flamanc, D., Maillet, G., Kersten, T., Carl, J., Hau, R., Wild, E., Frederiksen, L., Holmgaard, J., and Vester, K. (,  2005). Accuracy of 3D city models: EuroSDR comparison. Enschede, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Tarsha-Kurdi, F., Landes, T., Grussenmeyer, P., and Koehl, M. (,  2007). Model-driven and data-driven approaches using lidar data: analysis and comparison. Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(99)00004-0","article-title":"Two algorithms for extracting building models from raw laser altimetry data","volume":"54","author":"Maas","year":"1999","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogram. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Vosselman, G., and Dijkman, S. (,  2001). 3D building model reconstruction from point clouds and ground plans. Annapolis, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-1481(96)00116-4","article-title":"Identification of roof areas suited for solar energy conversion systems","volume":"11","author":"Wittman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ren. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Rieger, W., Seebacher, M., W\u00fcrl\u00e4nder, R., and Bauerhansl, C. Erstellung eines laser-dhm f\u00fcr vorarlberg 2002 bis 2005."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Pfeifer, N., Stadler, P., and Briese, C. (,  2001). Derivation of digital terrain models in the scop++ environment. Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"H\u00f6fle, B., Geist, T., Rutzinger, M., and Pfeifer, N. (,  2007). Glacier surface segmentation using airborne laser scanning point cloud and intensity data. Espoo, Finland."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Da, T.K.F. 2D alpha shapes, CGAL-3.3 User and Reference Manual, CGAL Editorial Board, Ed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1145\/174462.156635","article-title":"Three-dimensional alpha shapes","volume":"13","author":"Edelsbrunner","year":"1994","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graphics"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Akkiraju, N., Edelsbrunner, H., Facello, M., Fu, P., M\u00fccke, E.P., and Varela, C. (,  1995). Alpha shapes: definition and software. Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2004.00174.x","article-title":"A new gis-based solar radiation model and its application to photovoltaic assessments","volume":"8","author":"Hofierka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.28.004735","article-title":"Revised optical air mass tables and approximation formula","volume":"28","author":"Kasten","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Scharmer, K., and Greif, J. (2000). The European solar radiation atlas vol. 2: Database and exploitation software, Presses des Mines."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Hofierka, J., and \u0160\u00fari, M. (,  2002). The solar radiation model for open source gis: implementation and applications. Trento, Italy."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(80)90391-6","article-title":"Solar and terrestrial radiation dependent on the amount and type of cloud","volume":"24","author":"Kasten","year":"1980","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(95)00114-7","article-title":"The linke turbidity factor based on improved values of the integral rayleigh optical thickness","volume":"56","author":"Kasten","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"NREL (2002). Nrel 2000 - solpos Documentation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Center for Renewable Energy Resources Renewable Resource Data Center. Technical report,."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Pfeifer, N., and Briese, C. (,  2007). Geometrical aspects of airborne laser scanning and terrestrial laser scanning. Espoo, Finland."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/00291950152746612","article-title":"Permafrost distribution modelling in the mountains of the mediterranean: Corral del veleta, sierra nevada, Spain","volume":"55","author":"Tanarro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Norsk Geogr. Tidsskrift"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Ciolli, M., de Franceschi, M., Rea, R., Zardi, D., and Zatelli, P. (,  2002). Modelling of evaporation processes over tilted slopes by means of 3d grass raster. Trento, Italy."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/014362449001100405","article-title":"Solar radiation model for Europe","volume":"11","author":"Muneer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Build. Serv. Eng. Res. Technol"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/7\/5241\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:40Z","timestamp":1760220640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/7\/5241"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,2]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s90705241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90705241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,2]]}}}