{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T16:45:38Z","timestamp":1762015538525,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,15]],"date-time":"2009-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1247616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea shows an astonishing localization ability with its tiny hearing organ. A novel MEMS biomimetic acoustic pressure gradient sensitive structure was designed and fabricated by mimicking the mechanically coupled tympana of the fly. Firstly, the analytic representation formulas of the resultant force and resultant moment of the incoming plane wave acting on the structure were derived. After that, structure modal analysis was performed and the results show that the structure has out-of-phase and in-phase vibration modes, and the corresponding eigenfrequency is decided by the stiffness of vertical torsional beam and horizontal beam respectively. Acoustic-structural coupled analysis was performed and the results show that phase difference and amplitude difference between the responses of the two square diaphragms of the sensitive structure are effectively enlarged through mechanical coupling beam. The phase difference and amplitude difference increase with increasing incident angle and can be used to distinguish the direction of sound arrival. At last, the fabrication process and results of the device is also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90705637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,16]],"date-time":"2009-07-16T02:57:24Z","timestamp":1247713044000},"page":"5637-5648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["MEMS Biomimetic Acoustic Pressure Gradient Sensitive Structure for Sound Source Localization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nano Electro Mechanical System Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an City, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weizheng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nano Electro Mechanical System Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an City, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nano Electro Mechanical System Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an City, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.42.020191.001031","article-title":"Sound localization by human listeners","volume":"42","author":"Middlebrooks","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Psychol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, D.B., Fay, R.R., and Popper, A.N. (1992). The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1121\/1.413830","article-title":"Mechanically coupled ears for directional hearing in the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea","volume":"6","author":"Miles","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"656","article-title":"Latency shift in insect auditory nerve fibers","volume":"12","author":"Rheinlaender","year":"1978","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"29","article-title":"Directional hearing by mechanical coupling in the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea","volume":"1","author":"Robert","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00378-1","article-title":"Novel schemes for hearing and orientation in insects","volume":"6","author":"Robert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/35070564","article-title":"Hyperacute directional hearing in a microscale auditory system","volume":"410","author":"Mason","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/35070695","article-title":"In a fly\u2019s ear","volume":"410","author":"Peter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Saito, A., and Ono, N. (,  2002). Micro gimbal diaphragm for sound source localization with mimicking Ormia Ochracea. Osaka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/14\/12\/008","article-title":"Piezoelectric Pb(Zrx,Ti1\u2212x)O3 thin film cantilever and bridge acoustic sensors for miniaturized photoacoustic gas detectors","volume":"14","author":"Nicolas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1882923","article-title":"Influence of viscosity on the diffraction of sound by a periodic array of screens","volume":"5","author":"Homentcovschi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Xiaomei, X. (2003). Fundamentals of Acoustics, Science Press. [1st ed]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/7\/5637\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:45Z","timestamp":1760220645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/7\/5637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,15]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s90705637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90705637","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,15]]}}}