{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T16:26:17Z","timestamp":1770481577159,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]],"date-time":"2009-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1248998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing point densities provided by airborne laser scanner (ALS) data the requirements on derived products also increase. One major application of ALS data is to provide input for 3D city models. Modeling of roof faces, (3D) road and terrain surfaces can partially be done in an automated manner, although many such approaches are still in a development stage. Problems in automatic building reconstruction lie in the dynamic area between assumptions and reality. Not every object in the data appears as the algorithm expects. Challenges are to detect areas that cannot be reconstructed automatically. This paper describes our contribution to the field of building reconstruction by proposing a target based graph matching approach that can handle both complete and incomplete laser data. Match results describe which target objects appear topologically in the data. Complete match results can be reconstructed in an automated manner. Quality parameters store information on how the model fits to the input data and which data has not been used. Areas where laser data only partly matches with target objects are detected automatically. Four datasets are analyzed in order to describe the quality of the automatically reconstructed roofs, and to point out the reasons why segments are left out from the automatic reconstruction. The reasons why these areas are left out include lack of data information and limitations of our initial target objects. Potential improvement to our approach is to include likelihood functions to the existence of topological relations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90806101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]],"date-time":"2009-07-31T12:09:46Z","timestamp":1249042186000},"page":"6101-6118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Building Reconstruction by Target Based Graph Matching on Incomplete Laser Data: Analysis and Limitations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sander Oude","family":"Elberink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Hengelosestraat 99, P.O. Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Vosselman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Hengelosestraat 99, P.O. Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Practical application of Multiple Pulse in Air (MPIA) LIDAR in large-area surverys","volume":"37","author":"Roth","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Archives of Photogrammetry"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"Problems in Automated building reconstruction based on dense airborne laser scanning data","volume":"37","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Archives of Photogrammetry"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"227","article-title":"Accuracy of 3D city models: EuroSDR comparison","volume":"36","author":"Kaartinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Archives of Photogrammetry"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Brenner, C., and Haala, N. (1998). 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Photogramm"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"221","article-title":"Automated delineation of roof planes from lidar data","volume":"36","author":"Rottensteiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Workshop \u201cLaser scanning 2005\u201d"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"209","article-title":"3D Building model generation from airborne laser scanner data using 2D GIS data and orthogonal point cloud projections","volume":"36","author":"Schwalbe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Workshop \u201cLaser scanning 2005\u201d"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"37","article-title":"3D building model reconstruction from point clouds and ground plans","volume":"34","author":"Vosselman","year":"2001","journal-title":"ISPRS Workshop Land Surface Mapping and Characterization Using Laser Altimetry"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"13","article-title":"Consistent estimation of building parameters considering geometric regularities by soft constraints","volume":"36","author":"Rottensteiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Archives of Photogrammetry"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"227","article-title":"Building reconstruction using structural description based on a formal grammar","volume":"37","author":"Milde","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Archives of Photogrammetry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2004.05.004","article-title":"Experimental comparison of filter algorithms for bare earth extraction from airborne laser scanning point clouds","volume":"59","author":"Sithole","year":"2004","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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Recognising Structure in Laser Scanner Point Clouds. Part 8, W2."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"24","article-title":"Feature Based Model Verification (FBMV): a new concept for hypothesis validation in building reconstruction","volume":"33","author":"Ameri","year":"2000","journal-title":"XIX ISPRS Congress"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/8\/6101\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:51Z","timestamp":1760220651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/8\/6101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s90806101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90806101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]]}}}