{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:40:07Z","timestamp":1760244007832,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,28]],"date-time":"2009-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>By eliminating redundant data flows, data aggregation capabilities in wireless sensor networks could transmit less data to reduce the total energy consumption. However, additional data collisions incur extra data retransmissions. These data retransmissions not only increase the system energy consumption, but also increase link transmission delays. The decision of when and where to aggregate data depends on the trade-off between data aggregation and data retransmission. The challenges of this problem need to address the routing (layer 3) and the MAC layer retransmissions (layer 2) at the same time to identify energy-efficient data-aggregation routing assignments, and in the meantime to meet the delay QoS. In this paper, for the first time, we study this cross-layer design problem by using optimization-based heuristics. We first model this problem as a non-convex mathematical programming problem where the objective is to minimize the total energy consumption subject to the data aggregation tree and the delay QoS constraints. The objective function includes the energy in the transmission mode (data transmissions and data retransmissions) and the energy in the idle mode (to wait for data from downstream nodes in the data aggregation tree). The proposed solution approach is based on Lagrangean relaxation in conjunction with a number of optimization-based heuristics. From the computational experiments, it is shown that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing heuristics that do not take MAC layer retransmissions and the energy consumption in the idle mode into account.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s91007711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,28]],"date-time":"2009-09-28T13:03:56Z","timestamp":1254143036000},"page":"7711-7732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Delay QoS and MAC Aware Energy-Efficient Data-Aggregation Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Frank  Yeong-Sung","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Hsu","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Shih Hsin University, No. 1, Lane 17, Sec. 1, Mu-Cha Rd., Taipei City 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu-Ping","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1024422","article-title":"A Survey on Sensor Networks","volume":"40","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Comm. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.1093\/ietcom\/e88-b.12.4470","article-title":"Energy-efficient Data-Centric Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"E88-B","author":"Yen","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.3390\/s90301518","article-title":"A Novel Energy-Efficient MAC Aware Data Aggregation Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/79.985679","article-title":"Energy-Aware Wireless Microsensor Networks","volume":"19","author":"Raghunathan","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Proc. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Krishnamachari, B., Estrin, D., and Wicker, S. (2002). Modeling Data-Centric Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. USC Computer Engineering Technical Report, CENG 02\u201314."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1145\/959060.959072","article-title":"Power Efficient Data Gathering and Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"32","author":"Tan","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM SIGMOD Record"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Fan, K.W., Liu, S., and Sinha, P. On the Potential of Structure-free Data Aggregation in Sensor Networks. Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2008.0239","article-title":"Integrated Channel Assignment and Data Aggregation Routing Problem in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"3","author":"Yen","year":"2009","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4766","DOI":"10.3390\/s90604766","article-title":"Optimization-based Channel Constrained Data Aggregation Routing Algorithms in Multi-Radio Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"9","author":"Yen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Annamalai, V., Gupta, S., and Schwiebert, L. On Tree-Based Converge-Casting in Wireless Sensor Networks. New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Furqan, Z., Muhammad, S., and Guha, R. (2004, January December). Priority Based Channel Assignment with Pair-wise Listen and Sleep Scheduling for Wireless Sensor Networks. Lahore, Pakistan."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A., Chao, G., and Mohapatra, P. (2006). Exploiting Multi-Channel Clustering for Power Efficiency in Sensor Networks. IEEE Commun. Syst. Softw. Middlew., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSWA.2006.1665157"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021845700856","article-title":"MR2RP: The Multi-Rate and Multi-Range Routing Protocol for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"9","author":"Sheu","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM\/Kluwer Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Bertsekas, D., and Gallager, R. (1992). Data Networks, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ahuja, R.K., Magnanti, T.L., and Orlin, J.B. (1993). Network Flows\u2013Theory, Algorithms, and Applications, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Upadhyayula, S., Annamalai, V., and Gupta, S.K.S. (2003, January December). A Low-Latency and Energy-Efficient Algorithm for Convergecast in Wireless Sensor Networks. San Francisco, CA, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/10\/7711\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:11:16Z","timestamp":1760220676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/10\/7711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,28]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s91007711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s91007711","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,28]]}}}