{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T18:52:54Z","timestamp":1771699974568,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,27]],"date-time":"2009-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1256601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, an acoustic sensor network for a relative localization system is analyzed by reporting the accuracy achieved in the position estimation. The proposed system has been designed for those applications where objects are not restricted to a particular environment and thus one cannot depend on any external infrastructure to compute their positions. The objects are capable of computing spatial relations among themselves using only acoustic emissions as a ranging mechanism. The object positions are computed by a multidimensional scaling (MDS) technique and, afterwards, a least-square algorithm, based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LMA), is applied to refine results. Regarding the position estimation, all the parameters involved in the computation of the temporary relations with the proposed ranging mechanism have been considered. The obtained results show that a fine-grained localization can be achieved considering a Gaussian distribution error in the proposed ranging mechanism. Furthermore, since acoustic sensors require a line-of-sight to properly work, the system has been tested by modeling the lost of this line-of-sight as a non-Gaussian error. A suitable position estimation has been achieved even if it is considered a bias of up to 25 of the line-of-sight measurements among a set of nodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s91108490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,27]],"date-time":"2009-10-27T11:24:16Z","timestamp":1256642656000},"page":"8490-8507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Acoustic Sensor Network for Relative Positioning of Nodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"De Marziani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28805, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Electronics Department, National University of Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Prov. N\u00ba 1, Km. 4, 9005 Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Ure\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28805, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28805, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Mazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28805, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Jes\u00fas","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28805, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28805, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Carmen","family":"P\u00e9rez Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28805, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Eng., Electronics and Automatics Department, University of Extremadura, Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Villadangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28805, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hazas, M., Kray, C., Gellersen, H., Agbota, H., Kortuem, G., and Krohn, A. 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