{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:40:05Z","timestamp":1760244005871,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,6]],"date-time":"2009-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An alternative method for distance measurement is presented, based on a radiometric approach to the image formation process. The proposed methodology uses images from an infrared emitting diode (IRED) to estimate the distance between the camera and the IRED. Camera output grey-level intensities are a function of the accumulated image irradiance, which is also related by inverse distance square law to the distance between the camera and the IRED. Analyzing camera-IRED distance, magnitudes that affected image grey-level intensities, and therefore accumulated image irradiance, were integrated into a differential model which was calibrated and used for distance estimation over a 200 to 600 cm range. In a preliminary model, the camera and the emitter were aligned.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s91108896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,6]],"date-time":"2009-11-06T12:33:39Z","timestamp":1257510819000},"page":"8896-8906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sensor for Distance Measurement Using Pixel Grey-Level Information"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5048-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Polytechnic School, University Campus, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angel E.","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunications Department, Oriente University, Av. de las Am\u00e9ricas, SN, Santiago de Cuba 90900, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro R.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Polytechnic School, University Campus, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yamilet","family":"Pompa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunications Department, Oriente University, Av. de las Am\u00e9ricas, SN, Santiago de Cuba 90900, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novotny, P.M., and Ferrier, N.J. 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