{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:19:08Z","timestamp":1762251548860,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,18]],"date-time":"2009-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1258502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe a CMOS-based micro-system for time-resolved fluorescence lifetime analysis. It comprises a 16 \u00d7 4 array of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) fabricated in 0.35 \u03bcm high-voltage CMOS technology with in-pixel time-gated photon counting circuitry and a second device incorporating an 8 \u00d7 8 AlInGaN blue micro-pixellated light-emitting diode (micro-LED) array bump-bonded to an equivalent array of LED drivers realized in a standard low-voltage 0.35 \u03bcm CMOS technology, capable of producing excitation pulses with a width of 777 ps (FWHM). This system replaces instrumentation based on lasers, photomultiplier tubes, bulk optics and discrete electronics with a PC-based micro-system. Demonstrator lifetime measurements of colloidal quantum dot and Rhodamine samples are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s91109255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,19]],"date-time":"2009-11-19T02:20:40Z","timestamp":1258597240000},"page":"9255-9274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["A CMOS Time-Resolved Fluorescence Lifetime Analysis Micro-System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bruce  R.","family":"Rae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King\u2019s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith  R.","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King\u2019s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photonics, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"McKendry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photonics, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John  M.","family":"Girkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erdan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photonics, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Renshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King\u2019s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin  D.","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photonics, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0398-7520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert  K.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King\u2019s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1584083","article-title":"Single photon detector fabricated in a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor high-voltage technology","volume":"74","author":"Rochas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. 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