{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:08:50Z","timestamp":1781525330197,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,4]],"date-time":"2009-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper presents a new methodology for high precision monitoring of deformations with a long term perspective using terrestrial laser scanning technology. In order to solve the problem of a stable reference system and to assure the high quality of possible position changes of point clouds, scanning is integrated with two complementary surveying techniques, i.e., high quality static GNSS positioning and precise tacheometry. The case study object where the proposed methodology was tested is a high pressure underground pipeline situated in an area which is geologically unstable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s91209873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,4]],"date-time":"2009-12-04T10:45:00Z","timestamp":1259923500000},"page":"9873-9895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Technology for Long Term High Precision Deformation Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rok","family":"Vezo\u010dnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DFG Consulting, d.o.o., Pivovarni\u0161ka 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7652-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toma\u017e","family":"Ambro\u017ei\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Jamova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oskar","family":"Sterle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Jamova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Bilban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geoservis, d.o.o., Litijska cesta 45, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29\/E122, 1040, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojan","family":"Stopar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Jamova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chrzanowski, A. (2006, January May). Tasks and achievements of the FIG Working Group on deformation measurements and analysis. Baden, Austria."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9453(2007)133:2(72)","article-title":"Modelling of terrestrial laser scanner data for precise structural deformation measurement","volume":"133","author":"Gordon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Surv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Alba, M., Fregonese, L., Prandi, F., Scaioni, M., and Valgoi, P. (2006, January September). Structural monitoring of a large dam by terrestrial laser scanning. Dresden, Germany. (CD-ROM)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5866","DOI":"10.3390\/s8095866","article-title":"A new approach for structural monitoring of large dams with a three-dimensional laser scanner","volume":"8","author":"Sanchez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Van Gosliga, R., Lindenbergh, R., and Pfeifer, N. (2006, January September). Deformation analysis of a bored tunnel by means of terrestrial laser scanning. Dresden, Germany. (CD-ROM)."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"17","article-title":"Laser scanning in deformation measurement","volume":"23","author":"Lovas","year":"2009","journal-title":"GIM Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2006.00466.x","article-title":"A new approach for health monitoring of structures: Terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civil Infrastr. E."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2006.10.004","article-title":"Error modelling, calibration and analysis of an AM\u2013CW terrestrial laser scanner system","volume":"61","author":"Lichti","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1515\/JAG.2008.022","article-title":"On-the-job detection and correction of systematic cyclic distance measurement errors of terrestrial laser scanners","volume":"2","author":"Dorninger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geodesy"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"International GNSS Service Available online: http:\/\/igscb.jpl.nasa.gov\/igscb\/center\/analysis\/ (accessed on 10 August 2009)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"EUREF Permanent Network Available online: http:\/\/www.epncb.oma.be\/_organisation\/guidelines\/guidelines_analysis_centres.pdf (accessed on 12 March 2009)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergeot, N., Bouin, M.N., Diament, M., Pelletier, B., R\u00e9gnier, M., Calmant, S., and Ballu, V. (2009). Horizontal and vertical interseismic velocity fields in the Vanuatu subduction zone from GPS measurements: Evidence for a central Vanuatu locked zone. J. Geophys. Res., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005249"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2009.04.035","article-title":"Surface kinematics in the Alpine\u2013Carpathian\u2013Dinaric and Balkan region inferred from a new multi-network GPS combination solution","volume":"474","author":"Caporali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Joeckel, R., and Stober, M. (1989). Elektronische Entfernungs- und Richtungsmessung, Witter."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Soudarissanane, S., Lindenbergh, R., and Gorte, B. (2008, January July). Reducing the error in terrestrial laser scanning by optimizing the measurement set-up. Beijing, China. Vol. XXXVII."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Soudarissanane, S., Van Ree, J., Bucksch, A., and Lindenbergh, R. (8,, January December). Error budget of terrestrial laser scanning: Influence of the incidence angle on the scan quality. Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9453(2006)132:2(58)","article-title":"Determination of point displacements in the geodetic network","volume":"132","author":"Stopar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Surv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Dach, R., Hugentobler, U., Fridez, P., and Meindl, M. (2007). Bernese GPS Software, Version 5.0, Astronomical Institute, University of Bern."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-004-0083-9","article-title":"Designing a geodetic-geodynamic network: A comparative study of data processing tools","volume":"8","author":"Salmon","year":"2004","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Slovenian GNSS Network SIGNAL Available online: http:\/\/www.gu-signal.si\/index.php (accessed on 12 September 2009)."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B09401","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB004949","article-title":"ITRF2005: A new release of the international terrestrial reference frame based on time series of station positions and earth orientation parameters","volume":"112","author":"Altamimi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/itrf.ensg.ign.fr\/ (accessed on 10 September 2009)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(99)00160-X","article-title":"The International GPS Service (IGS): An interdisciplinary service in support of Earth sciences","volume":"23","author":"Beutler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"McCarthy, D.D., and Petit, G. Available online: http:\/\/www.iers.org\/MainDisp.csl?pid=46-25776 (accessed on 23 January 2009)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Onsala Space Observatory Available online: http:\/\/www.oso.chalmers.se\/~loading\/ (accessed on 9 March 2009)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1029\/95JB03048","article-title":"Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths","volume":"101","author":"Niell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Mervat, L. (1995). Ambiquity Resolution Techniques in Geodetic and Geodynamic Applications of Global Positioning System. [Dissertation, Astronomical Institute of University of Bern]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Boucher, C., and Altamimi, Z. Available online: http:\/\/etrs89.ensg.ign.fr\/memo-V7.pdf (accessed on 24 October 2008)."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JB900033","article-title":"Noise in GPS coordinate time series","volume":"104","author":"Mao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.35.001566","article-title":"Refractive index of air: new equations for the visible and near infrared","volume":"35","author":"Ciddor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.001663","article-title":"Refractive index of air. 2. Group Index","volume":"38","author":"Ciddor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Caspary, W.F. (1988). Concepts of Network and Deformation Analysis, School of Surveying, The University of New South Wales."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Luhmann, T., Robson, S., Kyle, S., and Harley, I. (2006). Close Range Photogrammetry. Principles, Methods and Applications, Whittles Publishing."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/12\/9873\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:11:53Z","timestamp":1760220713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/12\/9873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s91209873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s91209873","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,4]]}}}