{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:41:17Z","timestamp":1760244077672,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,22]],"date-time":"2009-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1261440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, the problem of how to estimate the distance between an infrared emitter diode (IRED) and a camera from pixel grey-level intensities is examined from a practical standpoint. Magnitudes that affect grey level intensity were defined and related to the zero frequency component from the FFT image. A general model was also described and tested for distance estimation over the range from 420 to 800 cm using a differential methodology. Method accuracy is over 3%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s91210434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,22]],"date-time":"2009-12-22T10:56:36Z","timestamp":1261479396000},"page":"10434-10446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sensor for Distance Estimation Using FFT of Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Superior Polytechnic School, University Campus, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares (28871), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angel E.","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication Department, University of Oriente, Av. de las Am\u00e9ricas, SN, Santiago de Cuba (90900), Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro R.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Superior Polytechnic School, University Campus, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares (28871), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Superior Polytechnic School, University Campus, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares (28871), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Faugeras, O.D. (1993). Three-Dimensional Computer Vision, The MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartley, R., and Zisserman, A. (2003). Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision, Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811685"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2005.11.026","article-title":"Validation of reducing-difference procedure for the interpretation of non-polarized infrared spectra of n-component solid mixtures","volume":"69","author":"Ivanova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2006.06.025","article-title":"Linear-dichroic infrared spectroscopy-Validation and experimental design of the new orientation technique of solid samples as suspension in nematic liquid crystal","volume":"67","author":"Ivanova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Pt A-Mol Bio."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koleva, B.B., Kolev, T.M., Simeonov, V., Spassov, T., and Spiteller, M. (2008). J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem., 61, 319\u2013333.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-008-9425-5"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1109\/34.85671","article-title":"3-D position sensing using a passive monocular vision system","volume":"13","author":"Cardillo","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1109\/JRA.1987.1087107","article-title":"Positioning three-dimensional objects using stereo images","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE J. Robot Automat."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Aloimonos, Y. (1993). Active Perception, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Blake, A., and Yuille, A. (1992). Active Vision, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mitsunaga, T., and Nayar, S.K. (, January June). Radiometric self calibration. Berkeley, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Debevec, P.E., and Malik, J. (, January August). Recovering high dynamic range radiance maps from photographs. SIGGRAPH'97. New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"McCluney, W.R. (1994). Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry, Artech House."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/12\/10434\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:12:04Z","timestamp":1760220724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/12\/10434"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,22]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s91210434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s91210434","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,22]]}}}