{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:06:11Z","timestamp":1774951571831,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101092968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101092968"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Software"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents COGNIFOG, an innovative framework under development that is designed to leverage decentralized decision-making, machine learning, and distributed computing to enable autonomous operation, adaptability, and scalability across the IoT\u2013edge\u2013cloud continuum. The work emphasizes Continuous Integration\/Continuous Deployment (CI\/CD) practices, development, and versatile integration infrastructures. The described methodology ensures efficient, reliable, and seamless integration of the framework, offering valuable insights into integration design, data flow, and the incorporation of cutting-edge technologies. Through three real-world trials in smart cities, e-health, and smart manufacturing and the development of a comprehensive QuickStart Guide for deployment, this work highlights the efficiency and adaptability of the COGNIFOG platform, presenting a robust solution for addressing the complexities of next-generation computing environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/software4020010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T06:50:27Z","timestamp":1744699827000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhancing DevOps Practices in the IoT\u2013Edge\u2013Cloud Continuum: Architecture, Integration, and Software Orchestration Demonstrated in the COGNIFOG Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1525-1163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kostas","family":"Petrakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Netcompany-Intrasoft S.A., 2b, rue Nicolas Bov\u00e9, L-1253 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Agorogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netcompany-Intrasoft S.A., 2b, rue Nicolas Bov\u00e9, L-1253 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7577-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grigorios","family":"Antonopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netcompany-Intrasoft S.A., 2b, rue Nicolas Bov\u00e9, L-1253 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8310-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Themistoklis","family":"Anagnostopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netcompany-Intrasoft S.A., 2b, rue Nicolas Bov\u00e9, L-1253 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6667-8488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasos","family":"Grigoropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netcompany-Intrasoft S.A., 2b, rue Nicolas Bov\u00e9, L-1253 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0946-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Veroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netcompany-Intrasoft S.A., 2b, rue Nicolas Bov\u00e9, L-1253 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0620-4317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Berne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commissariat \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9nergie Atomique et aux \u00c9nergies Alternatives, Laboratoire d\u2019Int\u00e9gration de Syst\u00e8mes et des Technologies (CEA LIST), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, F-91120 Palaiseau, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9630-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selma","family":"Azaiez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commissariat \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9nergie Atomique et aux \u00c9nergies Alternatives, Laboratoire d\u2019Int\u00e9gration de Syst\u00e8mes et des Technologies (CEA LIST), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, F-91120 Palaiseau, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3043-5403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zakaria","family":"Benomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thales Research & Technology, Thales Group, 1 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, F-91767 Palaiseau, France"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Kakoulidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telematic Medical Applications, Skra 1-3, 17673 Kallithea, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9102-4419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Prasinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telematic Medical Applications, Skra 1-3, 17673 Kallithea, Greece"}]},{"given":"Philippos","family":"Sotiriades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telematic Medical Applications, Skra 1-3, 17673 Kallithea, Greece"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Mavrothalassitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems & Automation (LMS), Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics Department (MEAD), University Campus Rio Patras, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}]},{"given":"Kosmas","family":"Alexopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems & Automation (LMS), Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics Department (MEAD), University Campus Rio Patras, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Digital Industry Technologies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Euripos Complex, 34400 Psachna, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Statista (2024, November 20). Volume of Data\/Information Created, Captured, Copied, and Consumed Worldwide from 2010 to 2020, with Forecasts from 2021 to 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/871513\/worldwide-data-created."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Morrish, J., Arnott, M., and Hatton, M. (2024, November 20). Global IoT Forecast Report, 2022\u20132032. Available online: https:\/\/transformainsights.com\/research\/reports\/global-iot-forecast-report-2032."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Escamilla-Ambrosio, P., Rodriguez-Mota, A., Aguirre-Anaya, E., Acosta-Bermejo, R., and Salinas-Rosales, M. (2016, January 20\u201324). Distributing computing in the internet of things: Cloud, fog and edge computing overview. Proceedings of the NEO 2016: Results of the Numerical and Evolutionary Optimization Workshop NEO 2016 and the NEO Cities 2016 Workshop, Tlalnepantla, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adame, T., Carrascosa-Zamacois, M., and Bellalta, B. (2021). Time-sensitive networking in IEEE 802.11 be: On the way to low-latency WiFi 7. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21154954"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Pittet, S. (2024, November 21). Continuous Integration vs. Delivery vs. Deployment. Available online: https:\/\/www.atlassian.com\/continuous-delivery\/principles\/continuous-integration-vs-delivery-vs-deployment."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Rehkopf, M. (2024, November 20). Continuous Delivery Principles. Available online: https:\/\/www.atlassian.com\/continuous-delivery\/principles."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., and Addepalli, S. (2012, January 17). Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, S., and Wirtz, G. (2021, January 24\u201326). Towards Orchestration of Cloud-Edge Architectures with Kubernetes. Proceedings of the EAI Edge-IoT 2021\u20142nd EAI International Conference on Intelligent Edge Processing in the IoT Era 2021, Online. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/356641902_Towards_Orchestration_of_Cloud-Edge_Architectures_with_Kubernetes."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2021.3050613","article-title":"Cloud, fog, or edge: Where to compute?","volume":"25","author":"Kimovski","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"The COGNIFOG Consortium (2024, November 21). Horizon Europe Project COGNIFOG Main Website. Available online: https:\/\/cognifog.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2023.06.010","article-title":"Auto-scaling techniques in container-based cloud and edge\/fog computing: Taxonomy and survey","volume":"209","author":"Dogani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"29","article-title":"Orchestration in fog computing: A comprehensive survey","volume":"55","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"SUSE (2024, November 26). Rancher Fleet Main Website. Available online: https:\/\/fleet.rancher.io\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"The Cloud Native Computing Foundation (2024, November 26). OCM Main Website. Available online: https:\/\/open-cluster-management.io\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Red Hat (2024, November 27). OpenShift Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/docs.openshift.com\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Fevereiro, D.D.M. (2023). Smart Orchestration on Cloud-Native Environments. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidad de Coimbra]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Va\u00f1o, R., Lacalle, I., Sowinski, P., S-Juli\u00e1n, R., and Palau, C.E. (2023). Cloud-native workload orchestration at the edge: A deployment review and future directions. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042215"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vengara, J., Botero, J., and Fletscher, L. (2023). A Comprehensive Survey on Resource Allocation Strategies in Fog\/Cloud Environments. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094413"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, T., McLarty, C., Shi, Y., Bobbie, P., and Suo, K. (2022, January 1\u201313). Energy Efficiency on Edge Computing: Challenges and Vision. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference (IPCCC), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPCCC55026.2022.9894303"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gkonis, P., Giannopoulos, A., Trakadas, P., Masip-Bruin, X., and D\u2019Andria, F. (2023). A Survey on IoT-Edge-Cloud Continuum Systems: Status, Challenges, Use Cases, and Open Issues. Future Internet, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.0532.v1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adame, T., Amri, E., Antonopoulos, G., Azaiez, S., Berne, A., Camargo, J.S., Kakoulidis, H., Kleisarchaki, S., Llamedo, A., and Prasinos, M. (2024). Presenting the COGNIFOG Framework: Architecture, Building Blocks and Road toward Cognitive Connectivity. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165283"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2685629","article-title":"Continuous Integration, Delivery and Deployment: A Systematic Review on Approaches, Tools, Challenges and Practices","volume":"5","author":"Shahin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2025, April 03). K3s. K3s Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/docs.k3s.io\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2025, April 03). KubeEdge. KubeEdge Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/kubeedge.io\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, S., and Wirtz, G. (2021, January 25\u201326). Profiling Lightweight Container Platforms: MicroK8s and K3s in Comparison to Kubernetes. Proceedings of the 13th Central European Workshop on Services and Their Composition, Bamberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Skoularikis, M., Liatifis, A., Pliatsios, D., Argyriou, V., Markakis, E., Lagkas, T., Papadopoulos, G., and Sargiannidis, P. (2025, April 03). Kubernetes in Edge and Cloud Computing: A Comparative Study of K3s, K0s, MicroK8s, and K8s. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Georgios-Papadopoulos-2\/publication\/389465530_Kubernetes_in_Edge_and_Cloud_Computing_A_Comparative_Study_of_K3s_K0s_MicroK8s_and_K8s\/links\/67c316528311ce680c791c59\/Kubernetes-in-Edge-and-Cloud-Computing-A-Comparative-Study-of-K3s-K0s-MicroK8s-and-K8s.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez, J.-M., Vidal, I., and Valera, F. (2019). Enabling the Orchestration of IoT Slices through Edge and Cloud Microservice Platforms. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132980"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2024, November 29). Kubernetes. Kubernetes Components. Available online: https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/overview\/components\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2024, November 29). Kubernetes. Container Runtimes. Available online: https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/setup\/production-environment\/container-runtimes\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2024, December 03). Tigera. Calico. Available online: https:\/\/docs.tigera.io\/calico\/latest\/about."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2025, April 03). COGNIFOG D2.6. COGNIFOG Website. Available online: https:\/\/cognifog.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/COGNIFOG_D2.6_Validation_Benchmarking_Plan_v2.0.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2024, December 03). Kubernetes. Creating Highly Available Clusters with Kubeadm. Available online: https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/setup\/production-environment\/tools\/kubeadm\/high-availability\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3390\/make6010015","article-title":"Distributed Learning in the IoT\u2013Edge\u2013Cloud Continuum","volume":"6","author":"Arzovs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mach. Learn. Knowl. Extr."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"CYSEC (2024, December 02). I2CAT and CYSEC Join Forces to Advance IoT Security within COGNIFOG Project. Available online: https:\/\/www.cysec.com\/i2cat-and-cysec."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"CYSEC (2024, December 03). ARCA Trusted OS. Available online: https:\/\/www.cysec.com\/arca-trusted-os\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2025, April 03). COGNIFOG D3.4. COGNIFOG Website. Available online: https:\/\/cognifog.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/D3.4-Data-management-tools-and-secured-cloud-to-edge-continuum-orchestration.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4hnle, R., and van der Aalst, W. (2009). A Data Flow Model with Frequency Arithmetic. Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, Springer. FASE 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16722-6"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Kentyou (2024, December 04). Disaster Management Using Kentyou Platform in the EU Project COGNIFOG. Available online: https:\/\/kentyou.com\/2023\/06\/08\/disaster-management-using-kentyou-platform-in-the-eu-project-cognifog\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2025, April 03). COGNIFOG D3.2. COGNIFOG Website. Available online: https:\/\/cognifog.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/D3.2_Application-and-connectivity-layer-modules-final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2025, February 25). Kubernetes Efficient Power Level Exporter (Kepler). Available online: https:\/\/sustainable-computing.io\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2025, February 25). Scaphandre Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/hubblo-org.github.io\/scaphandre-documentation\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaniewski, P., Roanik, J., Zubel, K., Golan, E., R-Moreno, M.D., and Skokowski, P. (2023, January 11\u201313). Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks Enabled Situational Awareness Enhancement for Armed Forces Operating in an Urban Environment. Proceedings of the 2023 Communication and Information Technologies (KIT), Vysoke Tatry, Slovakia.","DOI":"10.1109\/KIT59097.2023.10297058"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"TMA (2024, December 04). NOAH\u2014Ark of Health. Available online: https:\/\/tma.gr\/hardware-solutions\/noah\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Internation Federation of Robotics (2024, December 05). European Union: Industries Invest Heavily in Robotics. Available online: https:\/\/ifr.org\/ifr-press-releases\/news\/eu-industries-invest-heavily-in-robotics."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trakadas, P., Masip-Bruin, X., Facca, F.M., Spantideas, S.T., Giannopoulos, A.E., Kapsalis, N.C., Martins, R., Bosani, E., Ramon, J., and Prats, R.G. (2022). A Reference Architecture for Cloud\u2013Edge Meta-Operating Systems Enabling Cross-Domain, Data-Intensive, ML-Assisted Applications: Architectural Overview and Key Concepts. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22229003"}],"container-title":["Software"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2674-113X\/4\/2\/10\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:14:45Z","timestamp":1760030085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2674-113X\/4\/2\/10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["software4020010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/software4020010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2674-113X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2674-113X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]}}}