{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:56:30Z","timestamp":1760241390218,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,15]],"date-time":"2018-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To exploit the influence of the tunnel face and the distance between the diameter and the orifice of a blast pipe on the ventilation effect in symmetric tunnel construction, this paper uses Fluent to establish a three-dimensional model and numerical simulation. Firstly, the accuracy of the numerical simulation is tested and then the distance between the orifice and tunnel face and the influence of the air duct diameter on the ventilation effect are studied, respectively. The results show that the ventilation effect is best when the wind pipe is arranged on one side of the tunnel wall (an asymmetrical layout), although the space in the tunnel is axisymmetric, and that the error of the numerical simulation is less than 5% of the measured value. When the distance between the orifice and tunnel face is 5 m, the uniformity of the air flow field near the tunnel face is poor; when the distance is 10 m and 12 m, an obvious vertex area appears in the tunnel. Furthermore, the uniformity of the wind velocity flow field is optimal when the distance is 8 m. When the air duct diameter is less than 1.4 m, there is a uniformity of the flow field near the tunnel face of the upper and lower benches; when the air duct diameter is more than 1.4 m, the tunnel face of the upper bench near the ground shows more obvious backflow. Therefore, it was determined that taking the air duct diameter as 1.4 m and the distance between the orifice and tunnel face as 8 m was the best combination for the design of ventilation in this project. It was also found that a better ventilation effect can be achieved when the distance between the nozzle of the ventilator and the tunnel face is 6 m\u20139 m and the wind speed of the nozzle is 6 m\/s\u20138 m\/s. In practical engineering, the wind speed and the required air volume should be taken into consideration to determine the diameter of the ventilator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10020049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]],"date-time":"2018-02-20T03:54:22Z","timestamp":1519098862000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Parameter Optimization on the Forced Ventilation of Symmetric Tunnel Construction Based on the Super-Short Bench-Cut Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xiaokai","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tunnel and Underground Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Engineering Research Institute, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dingli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tunnel and Underground Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tunnel and Underground Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Engineering Research Institute, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"567","article-title":"Air Quality Field Testing in Tunnel Construction with the Drilling and Blasting Method","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Peng, P., Fang, Y., Zhou, C.Y., and Chen, X.G. (2014). Effect Analysis and Parameter Optimization of Forced Ventilation during Tunneling, Railway Standard Design."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"468","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Outlet Position of Air Duct on the Construction Ventilation of the Tunnel","volume":"10","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2016.03.001","article-title":"Velocity and temperature attenuation of a ceiling-jet along a horizontal tunnel with a flat ceiling and natural ventilation","volume":"56","author":"Oka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Wesely, R. (1984, January 13\u201319). Airflow at heading faces with forcing auxiliary ventilation. Proceedings of the 3rd International Mine Ventilation Congress, Harrogate, UK."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.94-96.1800","article-title":"A Study on Large Power Jet Ventilation Technology in Long Tunnel Construction","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Fang, L., Sun, J., and Zhou, Z. (2016). CFD Analysis of Tunnel Construction Ventilation Effect Based on Typical Wall Roughness Model, China Railway Science."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2016.04.006","article-title":"Air flow behavior and gas dispersion in the recirculation ventilation system of a twin-tunnel construction","volume":"58","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-013-4856-6","article-title":"A new approach for prioritization in fuzzy AHP with an application for selecting the best tunnel ventilation system","volume":"68","author":"Mirhedayatian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"98","article-title":"Numerical simulation and test analysis of construction ventilation air duct optimization in gas tunnel","volume":"28","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"China J. Highw. Transp."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"322","article-title":"Simulation for Construction Ventilation Two-Phase Flow in Diversion Tunnel Considering Heat Exchange","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tianjin Univ."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"20","article-title":"Characteristic Research on Construction Ventilation Flow Field of Cross Tunnel","volume":"46","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sichuan Univ."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1234","article-title":"Construction Ventilation of Tongluoshan Expressway Tunnel","volume":"838\u2013841","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2011.03.001","article-title":"Numerical simulation of TBM construction ventilation in a long diversion tunnel","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3846\/16484142.2013.782567","article-title":"Developing a new hybrid MCDM method for selection of the optimal alternative of mechanical longitudinal ventilation of tunnel pollutants during automobile accidents","volume":"28","author":"Zolfani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transport"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2017.01.002","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of tunnel ventilation on crib fires through small-scale experiments","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2012.02.013","article-title":"Theoretical analysis on plane fire plume in a longitudinally ventilated tunnel","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/0957650913517881","article-title":"A numerical investigation into the aerodynamic effect of pressure pulses on a tunnel ventilation fan","volume":"228","author":"Cardillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part A J. Power Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2012.03.008","article-title":"Risk evaluation of tunneling projects","volume":"12","author":"Fouladgar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/10\/2\/49\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:55:15Z","timestamp":1760194515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/10\/2\/49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,15]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["sym10020049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym10020049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,15]]}}}