{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:59:47Z","timestamp":1760241587603,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"a Key Project of Hunan Social Science Achievement EvaluationCommittee","award":["XSP2016040508","XSP18ZD1002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSP2016040508","XSP18ZD1002"]}]},{"name":"the human philosophy social science fund project","award":["15JD21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15JD21"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71501192","71571193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71501192","71571193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric cancer results in malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality, and seriously affects the health and life quality of patients. Early detection and appropriate treatment for early-stage gastric cancer patients are very helpful to reducing the recurrence rate and improving survival rates. Hence, the selection of a suitable surgical treatment is an important part. At present, surgical treatment selection has been researched in numerous studies, but there is no study integrating fuzzy decision-making theory with quantitative analysis, considering the patient\u2019s conditions with other relative conditions, and which can handle multisource heterogeneous information at the same time. Hence, this paper proposes a novel selection model of surgical treatments for early gastric cancer based on heterogeneous multiple-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM), which is helpful to selecting the most appropriate surgery in the case of asymmetric information between doctors and patients. Subjective and objective criteria are comprehensively taken into account in the index system of the selection model for early gastric cancer, which combines fuzzy theory with quantitative data analysis. Moreover, the evaluation information obtained from the patient\u2019s conditions, the surgery, and the hospital\u2019s medical status, etc., including crisp numbers, interval numbers, neutrosophic numbers, and probabilistic linguistic labels, is more complete and real, so the surgical treatment selection is accurate and reliable. Furthermore, the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is employed to solve the prioritization of early gastric cancer surgical treatments. Finally, an empirical study of surgical treatment selection for early gastric cancer surgery is conducted, and the results of sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis suggest that the proposed selection model of surgical treatments for early gastric cancer patients is reliable and effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10060223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T11:06:06Z","timestamp":1528974366000},"page":"223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Novel Selection Model of Surgical Treatments for Early Gastric Cancer Patients Based on Heterogeneous Multicriteria Group Decision-Making"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dan-Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Qun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6121-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng-Fei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Decision Making and Big Data on Industrial Development, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Decision Making and Big Data on Industrial Development, Xiangtan 411201, China"},{"name":"School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Decision Making and Big Data on Industrial Development, Xiangtan 411201, China"},{"name":"School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.05.2308","article-title":"Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: Defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world","volume":"24","author":"Kamangar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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