{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T03:45:43Z","timestamp":1761709543235,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Engineering education and, particularly, control engineering, has shown growth in research and development activities during last years. Currently, proportional\u2013integral (PI) and proportional\u2013integral\u2013derivative (PID) controllers are the most commonly used in industrial process applications. Nonetheless, it is reported that many of them are badly tuned. From an educational perspective, it is crucial for the student to understand the importance of tuning a control loop correctly. This paper presents an interactive tool focused on the study of PI controllers. The tool provides a set of tuning rules for both open-loop stable and unstable first order plus time delay processes. The different tuning rules can be compared interactively by the user, allowing a critical analysis of basic concepts about stability, robustness, and performance in PI control loops. In addition to educational purposes, the tool has been developed, taking into account practical considerations, such as simulation with a controller discrete implementation, process input saturations, and windup effect. We evaluated students\u2019 achievement in the final examination in the Automatic Control course of the Electronics Engineering degree. Students showed significant improvement in their understanding of PI controller design. A survey and a practical case study were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10110569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T11:31:47Z","timestamp":1541071907000},"page":"569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Interactive Tuning Tool of Proportional-Integral Controllers for First Order Plus Time Delay Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2356-5253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario L.","family":"Ruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5122-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4544-6084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Morilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Automatic Control, National Distance Education University, Juan del Rosal 26, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprocont.2015.11.001","article-title":"A PI\/PID controller for time delay systems with desired closed loop time response and guaranteed gain and phase margins","volume":"37","author":"Srivastava","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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