{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T09:48:01Z","timestamp":1775296081548,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2017BEE014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2017BEE014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Shandong University of Science and Technology for Recruited Talents","award":["2017RCJJ050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017RCJJ050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an analytical method for surrounding rocks in symmetrically shaped tunnels or roadways, with the symmetrical rise and fall of groundwater over a certain period. The influence of reservoir water level on wet\u2013dry cycles were studied. The changes in the microstructure and strength of altered granite and its evolution were explored using mechanical tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that: (1) the wet\u2013dry cycles weakened the strength of altered granite. Furthermore, the uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, cohesion, and internal friction angle decreased with the increase of the number of cycles, while the maximum reduction in these parameters reached 50.22%, 63.84%, 93.76%, and 53.90%, respectively. (2) The wet\u2013dry cycles damaged the microstructure of altered granite. The SEM analysis showed that, under wet\u2013dry cycles, the structure of altered granite changed from a smooth and integrated internal structure to the initiation, development, and expansion of pores and cracks. The porosity and fractal dimension of rock were determined using the SEM results. The degree of damage to altered granite under wet\u2013dry cycles was quantitatively analyzed. (3) According to the rock mechanics strength tests and SEM and X-ray diffraction analyses, the damage mechanism of altered granite subjected to wet\u2013dry cycles was discussed. The results provide the basis for a stability analysis of symmetrically shaped tunnels, especially symmetrical tunnels constructed in water-rich areas such as symmetric circular tunnels and symmetric horseshoe tunnels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10120716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T11:56:18Z","timestamp":1543924578000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Damage to the Microstructure and Strength of Altered Granite under Wet\u2013Dry Cycles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6328-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Tunneling and Underground Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Tunneling and Underground Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-2936-4","article-title":"Impact of wetting\u2013drying cycles on the hydraulic conductivity of liners made of lime-stabilized sand\u2013bentonite mixtures for sanitary landfills","volume":"72","author":"Akcanca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. 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