{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:06:58Z","timestamp":1760242018179,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Because of the cyclic symmetric structure of rolling bearings, its vibration signals are regular when the rolling bearing is working in a normal state. But when the rolling bearing fails, whether the outer race fault or the inner race fault, the symmetry of the rolling bearing is broken and the fault destroys the rolling bearing\u2019s stable working state. Whenever the bearing passes through the fault point, it will send out vibration signals representing the fault characteristics. These signals are often non-linear, non-stationary, and full of Gaussian noise which are quite different from normal signals. According to this, the sub-modal obtained by empirical wavelet transform (EWT), secondary decomposition is tested by the Gaussian distribution hypothesis test. It is regarded that sub-modal following Gaussian distribution is Gaussian noise which is filtered during signal reconstruction. Then by taking advantage of the ambiguity function superiority in non-stationary signal processing and combining correlation coefficient, an ambiguity correlation classifier is constructed. After training, the classifier can recognize vibration signals of rolling bearings under different working conditions, so that the purpose of identifying rolling bearing faults can be achieved. Finally, the method effect was verified by experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10120730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]],"date-time":"2018-12-10T03:36:41Z","timestamp":1544413001000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on EWT Sub-Modal Hypothesis Test and Ambiguity Correlation Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4274-1926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingtao","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 50001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 50001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yicun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 50001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 50001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 50001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 50001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2016.12.058","article-title":"Enhancement of fault diagnosis of rolling element bearing using maximum kurtosis fast nonlocal means denoising","volume":"100","author":"Laha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21918","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2763172","article-title":"Time-frequency analysis of torsional vibration signals in resonance region for planetary gearbox fault diagnosis under variable speed conditions","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"418178","article-title":"Fault diagnosis of rotating machinery based on multi sensor information fusion using svm and time-domain features","volume":"2014","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shock Vib."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, R., Lv, Y., and Song, G. 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