{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T14:08:22Z","timestamp":1769263702229,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002611","name":"University of Seoul","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002611","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In large-area wireless sensor networks with hierarchical cluster-based routing protocols, the average number of clusters, k, and the transmission range for the control messages, R, significantly affect the network lifespan. We analyze energy consumption in depth as a function of     ( k , R )    , taking into account the energy dissipation of cluster head nodes and the member nodes, separately. To achieve joint optimization of     (  k  o p t   ,  R  o p t   )    , we adopt derivative-free Nelder\u2013Mead Simplex method. Computer simulations have shown that our approach effectively reduces energy consumption of sensor nodes in the process of clustering and data transmission in large-area sensor fields. Our optimization can be applied to existing cluster-based routing schemes to maximize their energy efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T03:36:30Z","timestamp":1546486590000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Energy Optimization in Cluster-Based Routing Protocols for Large-Area Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sang H.","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10350","DOI":"10.3390\/s150510350","article-title":"WSN- and IoT-based smart homes and their extension to smart buildings","volume":"15","author":"Ghayvat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, M., Zhao, M., Liu, A., Ma, M., Wang, T., and Huang, C. 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