{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:58:02Z","timestamp":1777672682500,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Schemes (FRGS)","award":["FRGS\/1\/2016\/ICT02\/UTAR\/03\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2016\/ICT02\/UTAR\/03\/1"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Schemes (FRGS)","award":["FRGS\/1\/2016\/ICT04\/UTAR\/01\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2016\/ICT04\/UTAR\/01\/1"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Schemes","award":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/ICT02\/MUSM\/03\/3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/ICT02\/MUSM\/03\/3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iris has been found to be unique and consistent over time despite its random nature. Unprotected biometric (iris) template raises concerns in security and privacy, as numerous large-scale iris recognition projects have been deployed worldwide\u2014for instance, susceptibility to attacks, cumbersome renewability, and cross-matching. Template protection schemes from biometric cryptosystems and cancelable biometrics are expected to restore the confidence in biometrics regarding data privacy, given the great advancement in recent years. However, a majority of the biometric template protection schemes have uncertainties in guaranteeing criteria such as unlinkability, irreversibility, and revocability, while maintaining significant performance. Fuzzy commitment, a theoretically secure biometric key binding scheme, is vulnerable due to the inherent dependency of the biometric features and its reliance on error correction code (ECC). In this paper, an alignment-free and cancelable iris key binding scheme without ECC is proposed. The proposed system protects the binary biometric data, i.e., IrisCodes, from security and privacy attacks through a strong and size varying non-invertible cancelable transform. The proposed scheme provides flexibility in system storage and authentication speed via controllable hashed code length. We also proposed a fast key regeneration without either re-enrollment or constant storage of seeds. The experimental results and security analysis show the validity of the proposed scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11020164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T11:19:58Z","timestamp":1549019998000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A New Design for Alignment-Free Chaffed Cancelable Iris Key Binding Scheme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9747-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong-Yuen","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sg. Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bok-Min","family":"Goi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sg. Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Haur","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sg. Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology, Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.818350","article-title":"How iris recognition works","volume":"14","author":"Daugman","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasse, M.A. (2007). Red-eye blink, bendy shuffle, and the yuck factor: A user experience of biometric airport systems. IEEE Secur. Priv., 5.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2007.69"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cimato, S., Gamassi, M., Piuri, V., Sassi, R., and Scotti, F. 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