{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T20:51:42Z","timestamp":1765486302414,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002491","name":"Hansung University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hansung University"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hansung University"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a maze terrain authoring system with which a user can automatically calculate various and complex maze patterns to compose maze terrains in an easier and more intuitive structure. Using the maze terrain information calculated by using the proposed authoring system, a 3D maze terrain is generated quickly and effectively, and through this, the user\u2019s visual realism in an immersive virtual reality is increased to provide a new presence. The proposed maze terrain authoring system consists of three core functions: a function that automatically generates a grid maze of various sizes and patterns based on a maze generation algorithm; a function that calculates a circular maze in an intuitive structure; and a function that transforms a sketch-based maze by using an image-processing algorithm. Through the authoring system consisting of these functions, various maze terrains from uniform mazes to irregular mazes can be generated effectively. This study produces maze terrains of various concepts directly by using maze information calculated through the authoring system. In addition, through experiments, this study analyzes the efficiency in an immersive virtual reality and the presence through visual realism. In this process, the suitability of the authoring system is also analyzed in combination with a survey.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11040490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T11:31:57Z","timestamp":1554377517000},"page":"490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Maze Terrain Authoring System in Immersive Virtual Reality for New Visual Realism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1663-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinmo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computer Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2366145.2366187","article-title":"Inverse Design of Urban Procedural Models","volume":"31","author":"Vanegas","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J. (2016). Modeling and Optimization of a Tree Based on Virtual Reality for Immersive Virtual Landscape Generation. Symmetry, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym8090093"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"3284","article-title":"GeoMaTree: Geometric and Mathematical Model Based Digital Tree Authoring System","volume":"12","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Lee, J., Jeon, C., and Kim, J. (2017). A Study on Interaction of Gaze Pointer-Based User Interface in Mobile Virtual Reality Environment. Symmetry, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9090189"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., and Kim, J. (2017). A Study on Immersion of Hand Interaction for Mobile Platform Virtual Reality Contents. Symmetry, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9020022"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.908087","article-title":"Validation and Application of a Computational Model for Wrist and Hand Movements Using Surface Markers","volume":"55","author":"Metcalf","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Chai, J., and Xu, Y.Q. (2012, January 29\u201331). Combining Marker-based Mocap and RGB-D Camera for Acquiring High-fidelity Hand Motion Data. Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalheiro, C., N\u00f3brega, R., da Silva, H., and Rodrigues, R. (2016, January 15\u201319). User Redirection and Direct Haptics in Virtual Environments. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM on Multimedia Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1145\/2964284.2964293"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Remelli, E., Tkach, A., Tagliasacchi, A., and Pauly, M. (2017, January 22\u201329). Low-Dimensionality Calibration through Local Anisotropic Scaling for Robust Hand Model Personalization. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Venice, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.277"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joo, H., Simon, T., and Sheikh, Y. (2018, January 18\u201322). Total Capture: A 3D Deformation Model for Tracking Faces, Hands, and Bodiese. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Salt Lake City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00868"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3130800.3130893","article-title":"Smooth Assembled Mappings for Large-scale Real Walking","volume":"36","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1756","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1756","article-title":"MAVE: Maze-based immersive virtual environment for new presence and experience","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Anim. Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marwecki, S., Brehm, M., Wagner, L., Cheng, L.-P., Mueller, F.F., and Baudisch, P. (2018, January 21\u201326). VirtualSpace\u2014Overloading Physical Space with Multiple Virtual Reality Users. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201918), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173815"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2016.2640291","article-title":"A 3-RSR Haptic Wearable Device for Rendering Fingertip Contact Forces","volume":"10","author":"Leonardis","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2013.53","article-title":"Towards Wearability in Fingertip Haptics: A 3-DoF Wearable Device for Cutaneous Force Feedback","volume":"6","author":"Prattichizzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Jeon, C., and Kim, J. (2017). A Study on Immersion and Presence of a Portable Hand Haptic System for Immersive Virtual Reality. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051141"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/0097-8493(93)90113-N","article-title":"Simulating peripheral vision in immersive virtual environments","volume":"17","author":"Slater","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1145\/210079.210084","article-title":"Taking Steps: The Influence of a Walking Technique on Presence in Virtual Reality","volume":"2","author":"Slater","year":"1995","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2004.00001.x","article-title":"An Eye Gaze Model for Dyadic Interaction in an Immersive Virtual Environment: Practice and Experience","volume":"23","author":"Vinayagamoorthy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2014.198","article-title":"Transcending the Self in Immersive Virtual Reality","volume":"47","author":"Slater","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Roussou, M., and Slater, M. (2017). Comparison of the Effect of Interactive versus Passive Virtual Reality Learning Activities in Evoking and Sustaining Conceptual Change. IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Kim, M., and Kim, J. (2017). A Study on Immersion and VR Sickness in Walking Interaction for Immersive Virtual Reality Applications. Symmetry, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9050078"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Visell, Y., Cooperstock, J.R., Giordano, B.L., Franinovic, K., Law, A., Mcadams, S., Jathal, K., and Fontana, F. (2008, January 11\u201313). A Vibrotactile Device for Display of Virtual Ground Materials in Walking. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Haptics: Perception, Devices and Scenarios (EuroHaptics\u201908), Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordahl, R., Berrezag, A., Dimitrov, S., Turchet, L., Hayward, V., and Serafin, S. (2010, January 8\u201310). Preliminary Experiment Combining Virtual Reality Haptic Shoes and Audio Synthesis. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Haptics\u2014Generating and Perceiving Tangible Sensations: Part II, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14075-4_18"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achibet, M., Marchal, M., Argelaguet, F., and L\u00e9cuyer, A. (2014, January 29\u201330). The Virtual Mitten: A novel interaction paradigm for visuo-haptic manipulation of objects using grip force. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI), Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2014.6798843"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achibet, M., Gouis, B.L., Marchal, M., L\u00e9ziart, P., Argelaguet, F., Girard, A., L\u00e9cuyer, A., and Kajimoto, H. (2017, January 18\u201319). FlexiFingers: Multi-finger interaction in VR combining passive haptics and pseudo-haptics. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI), Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2017.7893325"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parish, Y.I.H., and M\u00fcller, P. (2001, January 12\u201317). Procedural modeling of cities. Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (SIGGRAPH\u201901), Los Angels, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383292"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882324","article-title":"Instant architecture","volume":"2","author":"Wonka","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1409060.1409114","article-title":"Image-based fa\u00e7ade modeling","volume":"27","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Dylla, K., Frischer, B., Mueller, P., Ulmer, A., and Haegler, S. (2010, January 22\u201326). Rome Reborn 2.0: A Case Study of Virtual City Reconstruction Using Procedural Modeling Techniques. Proceedings of the 37th International Conference (Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA)), Williamsburg, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1438","article-title":"Efficient modeling of numerous trees by introducing growth volume for real-time virtual ecosystems","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1506","article-title":"Procedural modeling of trees based on convolution sums of divisor functions for real-time virtual ecosystems","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, K., and Kim, J. (2016). Event-Centered Maze Generation Method for Mobile Virtual Reality Applications. Symmetry, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym8110120"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2017.1331535","article-title":"A Study on New Virtual Reality System in Maze Terrain","volume":"34","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1957.tb01515.x","article-title":"Shortest connection networks and some generalizations","volume":"36","author":"Prim","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1162\/105474605323384654","article-title":"The Factor Structure of the Presence Questionnaire","volume":"14","author":"Witmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper. Virtual Environ."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/4\/490\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:42:58Z","timestamp":1760186578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/4\/490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["sym11040490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym11040490","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]}}}