{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:15:22Z","timestamp":1777108522654,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes a smart ray-tracing method based on the ray concept. From the literature review, we observed that there is still a research gap on conventional ray-tracing methods that is worthy of further investigation. The herein proposed smart 3D ray-tracing method offers an efficient and fast way to predict indoor radio propagation for supporting future generation networks. The simulation data was verified by measurements. This method is advantageous for developing new ray-tracing algorithms and simulators to improve propagation prediction accuracy and computational speed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11040510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T05:58:07Z","timestamp":1554789487000},"page":"510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Smart 3D RT Method: Indoor Radio Wave Propagation Modelling at 28 GHz"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0444-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdous","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tan Kim","family":"Geok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tharek Abd","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Nour","family":"Hindia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0186-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaharudin","family":"Dimyati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3884-5992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih P.","family":"Tso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Nazeri","family":"Kamaruddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ericsson (2019, January 06). 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Electronics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7010002"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, F., Geok, T.K., Rahman, T.A., Hindia, M.N., Dimyati, K., and Abdaziz, A. (2018). Indoor Millimeter-Wave Propagation Prediction by Measurement and Ray Tracing Simulation at 38 GHz. Symmetry, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10100464"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, F., Geok, T.K., Rahman, T.A., Hindia, M.N., Dimyati, K., Ahmed, S., Tso, C.P., and Abd Rahman, N.Z. (2019). An efficient 3-D ray tracing method: prediction of indoor radio propagation at 28 GHz in 5G network. 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