{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:39:40Z","timestamp":1762177180494,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010882","name":"Tianjin Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017KJ103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017KJ103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Originally, a rolling bearing, as a key part in rotating machinery, is a cyclic symmetric structure. When a fault occurs, it disrupts the symmetry and influences the normal operation of the rolling bearing. To accurately identify faults of rolling bearing, a novel method is proposed, which is based enhancing the mode characteristics of complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN). It includes two parts: the first is the enhancing decomposition of CEEMDAN algorithm, and the second is the identified method of intrinsic information mode (IIM) of vibration signal. For the first part, the new mode functions (CIMFs) are obtained by combing the adjacent intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and performing the corresponding Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to strengthen difference feature among IMFs. Then, probability density function (PDF) is used to estimate FFT of each CIMF to obtain overall information of frequency component. Finally, the final intrinsic mode functions (FIMFs) are obtained by proposing identified method of adjacent PDF based on geometrical similarity (modified Hausdorff distance (MHD)). FIMFs indicate the minimum amount of mode information with physical meanings and avoid interference of spurious mode in original CEEMDAN decomposing. Subsequently, comprehensive evaluate index (Kurtosis and de-trended fluctuation analysis (DFA)) is proposed to identify IIM in FIMFs. Experiment results indicate that the proposed method demonstrates superior performance and can accurately extract characteristic frequencies of rolling bearing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11040513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T11:25:08Z","timestamp":1554895508000},"page":"513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Self-Adaptive Fault Feature Extraction of Rolling Bearings Based on Enhancing Mode Characteristic of Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aero Engine Corporation of China Harbin bearing Co., Ltd., Harbin 150500, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7262-4598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liwei","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aero Engine Corporation of China Harbin bearing Co., Ltd., Harbin 150500, China"}]},{"given":"Chengwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aero Engine Corporation of China Harbin bearing Co., Ltd., Harbin 150500, China"}]},{"given":"Tingjian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2013.04.006","article-title":"Quantitative diagnosis of a spall-like fault of a rolling element bearing by empirical mode decomposition and the approximate entropy method","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. 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