{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T08:23:42Z","timestamp":1773044622008,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"guo qiang","award":["2016YFC0101700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0101700"]}]},{"name":"guo qiang","award":["HEUCF1508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEUCF1508"]}]},{"name":"guo qiang","award":["61371172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61371172"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) radar waveform recognition is not only an important branch of the electronic reconnaissance field, but also an important means to obtain non-cooperative radar information. To solve the problems of LPI radar waveform recognition rate, difficult feature extraction and large number of samples needed, an automatic classification and recognition system based on Choi-Williams distribution (CWD) and depth convolution neural network migration learning is proposed in this paper. First, the system performs CWD time-frequency transform on the LPI radar waveform to obtain a 2-D time-frequency image. Then the system preprocesses the original time-frequency image. In addition, then the system sends the pre-processed image to the pre-training model (Inception-v3 or ResNet-152) of the deep convolution network for feature extraction. Finally, the extracted features are sent to a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to realize offline training and online recognition of radar waveforms. The simulation results show that the overall recognition rate of the eight LPI radar signals (LFM, BPSK, Costas, Frank, and T1\u2013T4) of the ResNet-152-SVM system reaches 97.8%, and the overall recognition rate of the Inception-v3-SVM system reaches 96.2% when the SNR is \u22122 dB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11040540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T11:15:58Z","timestamp":1555326958000},"page":"540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["LPI Radar Waveform Recognition Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network Transfer Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Telecommunication, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1474-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Telecommunication, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6746-7471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqing","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Information System Engineering, The 28th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Nanjing 210014, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30342","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2845102","article-title":"LPI Radar Waveform Recognition Based on Multi-Branch MWC Compressed Sampling Receiver","volume":"6","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ming, Z., Ming, D., Lipeng, G., and Lutao, L. 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