{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T13:11:24Z","timestamp":1761311484223,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Department of Education Key Laboratory Basic Research Project","award":["LJZS001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJZS001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41274048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41274048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Major projects in Guangdong Province","award":["2016B090904001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016B090904001"]}]},{"name":"Development of surveillance video augmentation system under smog environment","award":["201604010051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201604010051"]}]},{"name":"Automotive Electronics Surge Protection Semiconductor TVS Product Development and Industrialization","award":["2016B090903001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016B090903001"]}]},{"name":"Development and industrialization of professional chips for HD network cameras","award":["2016B090918126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016B090918126"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Innovation Team Project","award":["Y744261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y744261"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The symmetrical difference kernel SAR image edge detection algorithm based on the Canny operator can usually achieve effective edge detection of a single view image. When detecting a multi-view SAR image edge, it has the disadvantage of a low detection accuracy. An edge detection algorithm for a symmetric difference nuclear SAR image based on the GAN network model is proposed. Multi-view data of a symmetric difference nuclear SAR image are generated by the GAN network model. According to the results of multi-view data generation, an edge detection model for an arbitrary direction symmetric difference nuclear SAR image is constructed. A non-edge is eliminated by edge post-processing. The Hough transform is used to calculate the edge direction to realize the accurate detection of the edge of the SAR image. The experimental results show that the average classification accuracy of the proposed algorithm is 93.8%, 96.85% of the detection edges coincide with the correct edges, and 97.08% of the detection edges fall into the buffer of three pixel widths, whichshows that the proposed algorithm has a high accuracy of edge detection for kernel SAR images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11040557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T11:07:11Z","timestamp":1555499231000},"page":"557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Edge Detection Algorithm of a Symmetric Difference Kernel SAR Image Based on the GAN Network Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ziwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6879-4818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Basic Science, Nihon University, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan"}]},{"given":"Wujian","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1196838","article-title":"Unsupervised change detection in SAR images using curvelet and L1-norm based soft segmentation","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1434325","article-title":"Unsupervised change detection in SAR images based on frequency difference and a modified fuzzy c-means clustering","volume":"39","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2016.1258125","article-title":"Change detection in SAR images based on the logarithmic transformation and total variation denoising method","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2015.1057627","article-title":"Evaluation of different SAR change detectors based on vehicle recognition with MSTAR data set","volume":"6","author":"Quan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1109\/15.293278","article-title":"The use of the frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain method for induced current and SAR calculations for a heterogeneous model of the human body","volume":"36","author":"Furse","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1421794","article-title":"A novel approach based on structural information for change detection in SAR images","volume":"39","author":"Zhuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.08.037","article-title":"Multi-model radiometric slope correction of SAR images of complex terrain using a two-stage semi-empirical approach","volume":"156","author":"Hoekman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1395966","article-title":"Novel class-relativity non-local means with principal component analysis for multitemporal SAR image change detection","volume":"39","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2016.2551289","article-title":"An optimal fuzzy system for edge detection in color images using bacterial foraging algorithm","volume":"25","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2015.0232","article-title":"Lunar surface crater topology generation using adaptive edge detection algorithm","volume":"10","author":"Saheba","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Image Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2015.0574","article-title":"Hybrid bilateral filtering algorithm based on edge detection","volume":"10","author":"Leng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Image Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2014.2333060","article-title":"On the choice of the pair conjunction\u2013implication into the fuzzy morphological edge detector","volume":"23","author":"Massanet","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optic disc detection in retinal fundus images using gravitational law-based edge detection","volume":"55","author":"Alshayeji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Boil. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2016.03.026","article-title":"An efficient circle detector not relying on edge detection","volume":"57","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/0161734614554461","article-title":"Ultrasound image edge detection based on a novel multiplicative gradient and Canny operator","volume":"37","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2017.0999","article-title":"Fault classification and faulted phase selection for transmission line using morphological edge detection filter","volume":"12","author":"Salehi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"617","article-title":"An analysis of various edge detection techniques on illuminant variant images","volume":"61","author":"Veni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2018.2830879","article-title":"Investigation on the geometrical characteristics of secondary arc by image edge detection","volume":"46","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/10236198.2016.1197214","article-title":"The fifth geometric-arithmetic index of bridge graph and carbon nanocones","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Differ. Equ. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"110","article-title":"Improving adaptive frameless rendering","volume":"40","author":"Dayal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2016.2586055","article-title":"An artificial neural network-based electrothermal model for gan hemts with dynamic trapping effects consideration","volume":"64","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"143","article-title":"Clustering sorting algorithm based on digital channelized receiver","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. China Acad. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-018-0119-2","article-title":"Logdrive: A proactive data collection and analysis framework for time-traveling forensic investigation in IaaS cloud environments","volume":"7","author":"Hirano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"131","article-title":"Harmonic detection algorithm based on third-order generalized-integrator","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Power Supply"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1377","article-title":"A health prognostic algorithm for Li-ion battery based on particle filter","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"203","article-title":"PD algorithm based on two self-balancing vehicle upright control","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1030046","article-title":"Automatic and accurate registration of VHR optical and SAR images using a quadtree structure","volume":"36","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50187","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2868951","article-title":"Security control redundancy allocation technology and security keys based on Internet of Things","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-162365","article-title":"Fixed points of f-contractive type fuzzy mappings","volume":"33","author":"Mnak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.21042\/AMNS.2017.2.00036","article-title":"Bifurcation analysis of hysteretic systems with saddle dynamics","volume":"2","author":"Esteban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Nonlinear Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1002\/mana.201500029","article-title":"States on systems of sets that are closed under symmetric difference","volume":"288","author":"Simone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Math. Nachr."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/4\/557\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:46:10Z","timestamp":1760186770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/4\/557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["sym11040557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym11040557","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]]}}}