{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:08:22Z","timestamp":1780351702766,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fuel and energy are basic resources necessary to meet a country\u2019s socioeconomic development needs; further, countries rich in these resources have the best premise for meeting the inputs of an economic system; however, this also poses many political challenges and threats to national security. Vietnam is located in the Southeast Asian monsoon-humid tropical region and has diverse fuel-energy resources such as coal, petroleum, and hydropower, along with renewable energy sources such as solar energy, biomass energy, and geothermal energy. However, the reality of economic development in recent years shows complex fluctuations in fuel and energy usage, i.e., besides the export of coal and crude oil, Vietnam still has imported processed oil products. To overcome this issue, many hydrogen power plants will be built in the future. This is why we propose fuzzy multicriteria decision-making (FMCDM) for hydrogen power plant site selection in this research. All criteria affecting location selection are determined by experts and literature reviews, and the weight of all criteria are defined by a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). The technique for order of preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) is a multicriteria decision analysis method, which is used for ranking potential locations in the final stage. As a result, the decision-making unit, DMU010 (DMU010), has become the optimal solution for building hydrogen power plants in Vietnam. A multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) model for hydrogen power plant site selection in Vietnam under fuzzy environment conditions is a contribution of this study. This research also provides useful tools for other types of renewable energies in Vietnam and other countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11040596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T03:39:02Z","timestamp":1556163542000},"page":"596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Hydrogen Power Plant Site Selection Under Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision-Making (FMCDM) Environment Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chia-Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9277-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Hsien","family":"Hsueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da-Fu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tran Manh Trung (2018, December 22). Hydro: ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi thay th\u1ebf d\u1ea7u - kh\u00ed trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. B\u00e1o Tu\u1ed5i Tr\u1ebb. Available online: https:\/\/tuoitre.vn\/hydro-nguon-nang-luong-moi-thay-the-dau---khi-trong-tuong-lai-220499.htm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2008.11.014","article-title":"Multi-criteria evaluation of hydrogen and natural gas fuelled power plant technologies","volume":"29","author":"Pilavachi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2005.12.016","article-title":"Towards sustainable energy systems: The related role of hydrogen","volume":"34","author":"Hennicke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2003.10.035","article-title":"Alternative fuels for industrial gas turbines (AFTUR)","volume":"24","author":"Lebas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2006.02.006","article-title":"Hydrogen injection as additional fuel in gas turbine combustor. Evaluation of effects","volume":"31","author":"Juste","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-N., Su, C.-C., and Nguyen, V.T. (2018). Nuclear Power Plant Location Selection in Vietnam under Fuzzy Environment Conditions. Symmetry, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10110548"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1108\/MEQ-05-2018-0102","article-title":"A novel MCDM model for prioritizing the renewable power plants\u2019 construction","volume":"30","author":"Sedady","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manag. Environ. Qual. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eveloy, V., and Gebreegziabher, T. (2018). A Review of Projected Power-to-Gas Deployment Scenarios. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11071824"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"59","article-title":"Site Selection for Wind Farm Installation","volume":"3","author":"Biswal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Electr. Electron. Instrum. Control. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pamu\u010dar, D., Gigovi\u0107, L., Baji\u0107, Z., and Jano\u0161evi\u0107, M. (2017). Location Selection for Wind Farms Using GIS Multi-Criteria Hybrid Model: An Approach Based on Fuzzy and Rough Numbers. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9081315"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicotra, A., Zema, D.A., D\u2019Agostino, D., and Zimbone, S.M. (2018). Equivalent Small Hydro Power: A Simple Method to Evaluate Energy Production by Small Turbines in Collective Irrigation Systems. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10101390"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"35","article-title":"Multi-criteria decision support system for wind farm site selection using GIS","volume":"13","author":"Noorollahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4236\/ojop.2013.24015","article-title":"Optimization in Site Selection of Wind Turbine for Energy Using Fuzzy Logic System and GIS\u2014A Case Study for Gujarat","volume":"2","author":"Borah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open J. Optim."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.30897\/ijegeo.400025","article-title":"Location Selection for Wind Turbines in Balikesir, NW Turkey, Using GIS","volume":"5","author":"Serkendiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"284","article-title":"A multi-objective optimisation approach applied to offshore wind farm location selection","volume":"5","author":"Mytilinou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ocean. Eng. Mar. Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-N., Nguyen, V.T., Thai, H.T.N., and Duong, D.H. (2018). Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Approaches for Solar Power Plant Location Selection in Viet Nam. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11061504"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-N., Nguyen, V.T., Thai, H.T.N., and Duong, D.H. (2018). A Hybrid Fuzzy Analysis Network Process (FANP) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) Approaches for Solid Waste to Energy Plant Location Selection in Vietnam. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8071100"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Aktas, A., and Kabak, M. A Hybrid Hesitant Fuzzy Decision-Making Approach for Evaluating Solar Power Plant Location Sites. Arabian J. Sci. Eng., Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs13369-018-3604-5#citeas."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7452715","article-title":"Optimal Site Selection for a Solar Power Plant in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey","volume":"2","author":"Akkas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Photoenergy"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Talinli, I., Topuz, E., Aydin, E., and Kabakc\u0131, S.B. (2018, December 22). A Holistic Approach for Wind Farm Site Selection by FAHP. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/221912736_A_Holistic_Approach_for_Wind_Farm_Site_Selection_by_Using_FAHP."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"The Electrical Portal (2018, December 22). Site selection of Hydroelectric power plant. Available online: http:\/\/www.theelectricalportal.com\/2015\/08\/site-selection-of-hydroelectric-power.html."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.07.020","article-title":"Multi-criteria decision-making in the location selection for a solar PV power plant using AHP","volume":"129","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirel, T., and Yalcinn, U. (2008, January 21\u201324). Multi-Criteria Wind Power Plant Location Selection using Fuzzy AHP. Proceedings of the 8th International FLINS Conference, Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812799470_0174"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.07.042","article-title":"GIS-based solar farms site selection using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in Karapinar region, Konya\/Turkey","volume":"28","author":"Uyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2007.05.041","article-title":"The electricity production capacity of photovoltaic power plants and the selection of solar energy sites in Andalusia (Spain)","volume":"33","author":"Ridao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.01.087","article-title":"Spatial matching of large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic power generation with utility demand in Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"191","author":"Sabo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"120","article-title":"Location Selection for Wind Plant using AHP and Axiomatic Design in Fuzzy Environment","volume":"6","author":"Toklu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Period. Eng. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kengpol, A., Rontlaong, P., and Tuominen, M. (August, January 29). Design of a decision support system for site selection using fuzzy AHP: A case study of solar power plant in north eastern parts of Thailand. Proceedings of the PICMET \u201912: Technology Management for Emerging Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idris, R., and Latif, Z.A. (2012, January 16\u201317). GIS multi-criteria for power plant site selection. Proceedings of the IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSGRC.2012.6287162"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5730","DOI":"10.3390\/su6095730","article-title":"Development of a geographical information system (GIS) for the integration of solar energy in the energy planning of a wide area","volume":"6","author":"Massimo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"49","article-title":"Site selection of wind power plant using multi-criteria decision-making methods in GIS: A case study","volume":"7","author":"Chamanehpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Ecology Softw."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (1980). How to Make a Decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process, Elsevier Science.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA214804"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, C.-L., and Yoon, K. (1981). Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applications A State-of-the-Art Survey, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-48318-9_3"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Kusumadewi, S., Hartati, S., Harjoko, A., and Wardoyo, R. (2006). Fuzzy Multi-Attribute Decision Making (Fuzzy MADM), Graha Ilmu."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.05.056","article-title":"A state-of the-art survey of TOPSIS applications","volume":"39","author":"Behzadian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Sys. Appli."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ng\u00e2n, B.T. (2018, December 22). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam: kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 than \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. Available online: http:\/\/greenidvietnam.org.vn\/van-de-ve-nang-luong-viet-nam-khi-dot-trong-nuoc-va-than-da-nhap-khau-1.html."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"43","article-title":"X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p xanh","volume":"33","author":"Thu","year":"2017","journal-title":"VNU J. Sci. Econ. Bus."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/4\/596\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:47:00Z","timestamp":1760186820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/4\/596"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["sym11040596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym11040596","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]}}}