{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T16:01:44Z","timestamp":1762444904990,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the current study, laminar heat transfer and direct fluid jet injection of oil\/MWCNT nanofluid were numerically investigated with a finite volume method. Both slip and no-slip boundary conditions on solid walls were used. The objective of this study was to increase the cooling performance of heated walls inside a rectangular microchannel. Reynolds numbers ranged from 10 to 50; slip coefficients were 0.0, 0.04, and 0.08; and nanoparticle volume fractions were 0\u20134%. The results showed that using techniques for improving heat transfer, such as fluid jet injection with low temperature and adding nanoparticles to the base fluid, allowed for good results to be obtained. By increasing jet injection, areas with eliminated boundary layers along the fluid direction spread in the domain. Dispersing solid nanoparticles in the base fluid with higher volume fractions resulted in better temperature distribution and Nusselt number. By increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction, the temperature of the heated surface penetrated to the flow centerline and the fluid temperature increased. Jet injection with higher velocity, due to its higher fluid momentum, resulted in higher Nusselt number and affected lateral areas. Fluid velocity was higher in jet areas, which diminished the effect of the boundary layer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11060757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T09:37:58Z","timestamp":1559727478000},"page":"757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Heat Transfer of Oil\/MWCNT Nanofluid Jet Injection Inside a Rectangular Microchannel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Jalali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Ali Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young Researchers and Elite Club, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomeinishahr, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-0216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. M.","family":"Sarafraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Energy Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}]},{"given":"Tehseen","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Education Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7301-2561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Safaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Natural convective boundary layer flow over a vertical plate embedded in a porous medium saturated with a non-Newtonian nanofluid","volume":"3","author":"Gorla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. 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