{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:06:19Z","timestamp":1760709979580,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]],"date-time":"2019-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOS 108-2410-H-126 -021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOS 108-2410-H-126 -021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a high-precision image authentication scheme for absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC)-compressed images is presented. For each block, two sub-bitmaps are conducted using the symmetrical separation, and the six-bit authentication code is symmetrically assigned to two sub-codes, which is virtually embedded into sub-bitmaps using the matrix encoding later. To overcome distortion caused by modifications to the bitmap, the corresponding to-be-flipped bit-location information is recorded instead of flipping these bits of the bitmap directly. Then, the bit-location information is inserted into quantization levels based on adjusted quantization level matching. In contrast to previous studies, the proposed scheme offers a significantly improved tampering detection ability, especially in the first hierarchical tampering detection without remediation measures, with an average tampering detection rate of up to 98.55%. Experimental results show that our approach provides a more stable and reliable tampering detection performance and sustains an acceptable visual quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11080996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T03:25:22Z","timestamp":1564975522000},"page":"996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["High-Precision Authentication Scheme Based on Matrix Encoding for AMBTC-Compressed Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Guo-Dong","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350300, China"},{"name":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for ICH Digitalization and Multi-Source Information Fusion, Fujian University, Fuzhou 350300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chin-Chen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4480-7351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Chen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Management, Providence University, Taichung 433, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Schneider, M., and Chang, S.F. 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