{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:33:57Z","timestamp":1773804837424,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11002162 and 11072262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11002162 and 11072262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The PELE (penetrator with enhanced lateral efficiency) projectile is a new type of penetrator, which has both penetration and fragmentation effects. The damage characteristics of the PELE projectile have never been studied from the perspective of changing the shape of the projectile structure until now. This paper hopes to improve the damage power by changing the structural shape of PELE projectile, and the concept of a truncated cone-shaped PELE projectile is first put forward. In order to compare and analyze the damage power of the truncated cone-shaped PELE projectile and the conventional PELE projectile, six sets of simulation conditions were designed, and the penetration ability and fragmentation effect were used as the main evaluation indicators. According to the known structural parameters of the PELE projectile, the range of angle \u03b1 of the truncated cone-shaped PELE projectile was determined to be 86.2\u00b0\u201390\u00b0. In addition, there is little difference in penetration ability between the two different types of PELE projectile; the damage effect of the truncated cone-shaped PELE projectile on the after-effect target is better than that of the conventional PELE projectile. It is hoped that through further structural optimization, the truncated cone-shaped PELE projectile will have more extensive engineering application value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11081025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T11:11:31Z","timestamp":1565349091000},"page":"1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Damage Characteristics Analysis of the Truncated Cone-Shaped PELE Projectile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7642-3016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangliang","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0668-6018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9528-6536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1907-087X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianwen","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kesberg, G., Schirm, V., and Kerk, S. (2004, January 19\u201323). PELE\u2014The future ammunition concept. Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Ballistics (ISB\u201921), Adelaide, Australia."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Paulus, G., Chanteret, P.Y., and Wollmann, E. (2004, January 19\u201323). PELE: A new penetrator-concept for the generation of lateral effects. Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Ballistics (ISB\u201921), Adelaide, Australia."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Rheinmetall Waffe Munition (2019, July 12). 105\/120\/125 mm PELE Firing Results, Available online: https:\/\/ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net\/ndia\/2005\/garm\/wednesday\/borngen.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Gloude, D. (2019, July 12). Capabilities of Penetrator with Enhanced Lateral Efficiency, Available online: https:\/\/ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net\/ndia\/2007\/gun_missile\/GMTueAM1\/GloudePresentation.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.026","article-title":"Impact behavior of PELE projectiles perforating thin target plates","volume":"33","author":"Paulus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, L., Zhou, J., Tang, W., Ran, X., and Hu, Y. (2019). Impact energy release characteristics of PTFE\/Al\/CuO reactive materials measured by a new energy release testing device. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11010149"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1525","article-title":"Influence of the ratio of inner to outer diameter on penetrator with enhanced lateral efficiency","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"505","article-title":"Experimental study of the influence factors on small caliber PELE impacting thin target","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, S., Wang, J., An, Z., and Chang, Y. (2009, January 16\u201319). Influence of thickness of armor on the burst-effect of steel shell PELE. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMI.2009.5274740"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2016.04.011","article-title":"The model to calculate the radial velocities of fragments after PELE perforating a thin plate","volume":"95","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Verreault, J., Hinsberg, N., and Abadjieva, E. (2013, January 22\u201326). PELE fragmentation dynamics. Proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on Ballistics (ISB\u201927), Freiburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Verreault, J. (2013, January 7\u201312). Modeling of the PELE fragmentation dynamics. Proceedings of the 18th Biennial International Conference of the APS Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter held in Conjunction with the 24th Biennial International Conference of the International Association for the Advancement of High Pressure Science and Technology, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2014.09.012","article-title":"Analytical and numerical description of the PELE fragmentation upon impact with thin target plates","volume":"76","author":"Verreault","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Century Dynamics Inc. (2003). Interactive Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis Software AUTODYN User Manual, Century Dynamics Inc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, L., Zhou, J., Tang, W., Ran, X., and Cheng, Y. (2018). Research on the crushing process of PELE casing material based on the crack-softening algorithm and stochastic failure algorithm. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11091561"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2017.09.055","article-title":"Low velocity impact performance investigation on square hollow glass columns via full-scale experiments and Finite Element analyses","volume":"182","author":"Bedon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/8\/1025\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:09:47Z","timestamp":1760188187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/8\/1025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["sym11081025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym11081025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]}}}