{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T09:58:45Z","timestamp":1779271125935,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 61107040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 61107040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province","award":["No. 0180101042JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 0180101042JC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks (WRSNs) have been attracting increasing attention and seen rapid development. However, in previous studies, pioneering work on charging issues and data gathering strategies are always discussed separately. In this paper, we aimed to develop a strategy which can guarantee a short data acquisition cycle and high charging efficiency. We used a new Combined Recharging and Collecting Data Model (CRCM) to set-up a WRSN. In this network, mobile chargers were used to separately collected data and charge sensor nodes. A K-means algorithm was used to group sensor nodes into different clusters, from which mobile chargers collected data from sensor nodes in the center of these clusters. The Nearest-Job-Next with Preemption (NJNP) algorithm was used to determine the charging route. The data acquisition cycle was first discussed in this model in order to ensure all data from the sensor nodes could be gathered within a certain time period. Additionally, the Periodically Restricted Dynamic Mobile Chargers (PRDMCs) algorithm was proposed to determine the number of mobile chargers. Lastly, we used the normal CRCM for comparison with our new CRCM, and the results showed that the new CRCM can effectively safeguard the data acquisition cycle without requiring the addition of more mobile chargers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11081028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T11:11:31Z","timestamp":1565349091000},"page":"1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A New on-Demand Recharging Strategy Based on Cycle-Limitation in a WRSN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yuhou","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8505-5825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"264","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks and applications: A survey","volume":"7","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.04.002","article-title":"Wireless sensor network survey","volume":"52","author":"Yick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-014-0761-7","article-title":"Security of the Internet of Things: Perspectives and challenges","volume":"20","author":"Jing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, J.S., and Dao, T.K. (2019). A Novel Improved Bat Algorithm Based on Hybrid Parallel and Compact for Balancing an Energy Consumption Problem. Information, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/info10060194"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2764475","article-title":"Narrow-Band Internet of Things: Implementations and Applications","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casares-Giner, V., Navas, T.I., and Fl\u00f3rez, D.S. (2019). End to End Delay and Energy Consumption in a Two Tier Cluster Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks. Information, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/info10040135"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y.Y., and Wang, C. (2015). Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17656-7"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.141205","article-title":"CAD-MAC: A Channel-Aggregation Diversity Based MAC Protocol for Spectrum and Energy Efficient Cognitive Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"32","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.11.0111.0027","article-title":"Energy-efficient Adaptive Dynamic Sensor Scheduling for Target Monitoring in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ETRI J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, J., Panchard, J., Pi\u00f3rkowski, M., Grossglauser, M., and Hubaux, J.P. (2006). MobiRoute: Routing Towards a Mobile Sink for Improving Lifetime in Sensor Networks. Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11776178_29"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-017-1477-2","article-title":"A novel approach for designing delay efficient path for mobile sink in wireless sensor networks","volume":"24","author":"Nitesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, B., Li, Z., Wang, G., and Zhang, W. (2010, January 21\u201325). How Wireless Power Charging Technology Affects Sensor Network Deployment and Routing. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS 2010), Genova, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2010.61"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1145\/1274858.1274870","article-title":"Power management in energy harvesting sensor networks","volume":"6","author":"Kansal","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Xie, L., Shi, Y., Hou, Y.T., Lou, W., and Sherali, H.D. (August, January 29). On traveling path and related problems for a mobile station in a rechargeable sensor network. Proceedings of the Fourteenth ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing, Bangalore, India."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, L., Gu, Y., Pan, J., and Zhu, T. (2013, January 14\u201316). On-demand Charging in Wireless Sensor Networks: Theories and Applications. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 10th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2013.51"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., and Tang, Q. (2019). An Improved Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Routing Energy Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. Information, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/info10040125"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2014.2368557","article-title":"Evaluating the On-Demand Mobile Charging in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Dong, Y., Li, S., Wu, H., and Cui, M. (2018). CRCM: A New Combined Data Gathering and Energy Charging Model for WRSN. Symmetry, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10080319"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"100","article-title":"Algorithm AS 136: A K-Means Clustering Algorithm","volume":"28","author":"Hartigan","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fragkiadakis, A., Askoxylakis, I., and Tragos, E. (2013, January 25\u201327). Joint compressed-sensing and matrix-completion for efficient data collection in WSNs. Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling & Design of Communication Links & Networks, Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD.2013.6708094"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e3407","article-title":"A new algorithm for cluster head selection in LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A\u00e7\u0131c\u0131, K., Erda\u015f, \u00c7., A\u015furo\u011flu, T., and O\u011ful, H. (2018). HANDY: A Benchmark Dataset for Context-Awareness via Wrist-Worn Motion Sensors. Data, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/data3030024"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambhir, S. (2016, January 11\u201313). OE-LEACH: An optimized energy efficient LEACH algorithm for WSNs. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Contemporary Computing, Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/IC3.2016.7880225"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiangning, F., and Yulin, S. (2007, January 14\u201320). Improvement on LEACH protocol of wireless sensor network. Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2007), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORCOMM.2007.4394931"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.76","article-title":"Maximizing the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sink in Delay-Tolerant Applications","volume":"9","author":"Yun","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.D., Chu, S.I., Liu, B.H., Chen, C.H., Dang, H.S., and Perumal, T. (2017, January 21\u201323). Mobile charging and data gathering in multiple sink wireless sensor networks: How and why. Proceedings of the International Conference on System Science & Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSSE.2017.8030935"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Lin, C., Xue, B., Wang, Z., Han, D., Deng, J., and Wu, G. (2015, January 24\u201326). DWDP: A Double Warning Thresholds with Double Preemptive Scheduling Scheme for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Neural Information Processing Systems, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2016.04.005","article-title":"TADP: Enabling temporal and distantial priority scheduling for on-demand charging architecture in wireless rechargeable sensor Networks","volume":"70","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3050","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3050","article-title":"Novel methods for energy charging and data collection in wireless rechargeable sensor networks","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aernouts, M., Berkvens, R., Van Vlaenderen, K., and Weyn, M. (2018). Sigfox and LoRaWAN Datasets for Fingerprint Localization in Large Urban and Rural Areas. Data, 3.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201803.0139.v1"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/8\/1028\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:09:51Z","timestamp":1760188191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/8\/1028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["sym11081028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym11081028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]}}}