{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:30:39Z","timestamp":1762507839690,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This document presents a new hybrid combination of filters using passive and active elements because of the generalization in the use of non-linear loads that generate harmonics directly affecting the symmetry of energy transmission systems that influence the functioning of the electricity grid and, consequently, the deterioration of power quality. In this context, active power filters represent one of the best solutions for improving power quality and compensating harmonic currents to get a symmetrical waveform. In addition, given the importance and occupation of the transmission network, it is necessary to control the stability of the system. Traditionally, passive filters were used to improve energy quality, but they have endured problems such as resonance, fixed remuneration, etc. In order to mitigate these problems, a hybrid HAPF active power filter is proposed combining a parallel active filter and a passive filter controlled by a backstepping algorithm strategy. This control strategy is compared with two other methods, namely the classical PI control, and the fuzzy logic control in order to verify the effectiveness and the level of symmetry of the backstepping controller proposed for the HAPF. The proposed backstepping controller inspires the notion of stability in Lyapunov\u2019s sense. This work is carried out to improve the performance of the HAPF by the backstepping command. It perfectly compensates the harmonics according to standards. The results of simulations performed under the Matlab\/Simulink environment show the efficiency and robustness of the proposed backstepping controller applied on HAPF, compared to other control methods. The HAPF with the backstepping controller shows a significant decrease in the THD harmonic distortion rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11091161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T10:56:06Z","timestamp":1568285766000},"page":"1161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Hybrid Active Filter Using the Backstepping Controller for Harmonic Current Compensation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nora","family":"Daou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMII Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Hassan First University, Settat 26000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4105-565X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco G.","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Almeria, CeiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s\/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}]},{"given":"Najib","family":"Ababssi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMII Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Hassan First University, Settat 26000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Yacine","family":"Djeghader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of electrical engineering, University of Mohamed-Cherif Messaadia of Souk Ahras, P.O. Box 1553, Souk Ahras 41000, Algeria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1109\/5.931498","article-title":"Large static converters for industry and utility applications","volume":"89","author":"Akagi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MELE.2016.2584998","article-title":"Future of Electric Railways: Advanced Electrification Systems with Static Converters for ac Railways","volume":"4","author":"Krastev","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Electrif. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1109\/61.400958","article-title":"On the assessment of harmonic pollution [of power systems]","volume":"10","author":"Emanuel","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/6.590739","article-title":"Power electronics\u2019 polluting effects","volume":"34","author":"Redl","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1109\/41.793345","article-title":"A review of active filters for power quality improvement","volume":"46","author":"Singh","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2006.02.018","article-title":"A comparative study of shunt hybrid and shunt active power filters for single-phase applications: Simulation and experimental validation","volume":"71","author":"Rahmani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Simul."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Peng, F.Z., and Adams, D.J. (1999, January 3\u20137). Harmonic sources and filtering approaches-series\/parallel, active\/passive, and their combined power filters. Proceedings of the Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference: Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370), Phoenix, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/2943.715502","article-title":"Application issues of active power filters","volume":"4","author":"Peng","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/63.988669","article-title":"A new hybrid active power filter (APF) topology","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2006.883027","article-title":"Power Quality Problems Compensation With Universal Power Quality Conditioning System","volume":"22","author":"Graovac","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2006.890005","article-title":"Comparison of Voltage-Source and Current-Source Shunt Active Power Filters","volume":"22","author":"Routimo","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1109\/59.761892","article-title":"A comparison of voltage source and current source shunt active filter by simulation and experimentation","volume":"14","author":"Benchaita","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Ghadbane, I., Benchouia, T., and Tahar, G. (2013, January 12\u201314). Comparative study of backstepping and Proportional Integral Controller to Compensating Current Harmonics. Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems and Processing Information, Guelma, Algeria."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.07.738","article-title":"Fuzzy logic controller of five levels active power filter","volume":"74","author":"Zelloma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Abdusalam, M., Poure, P., and Saadate, S. (July, January 30). Control of hybrid active filter without phase locked loop in the feedback et feedforward loops. Proceedings of the ISIE, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-epa:20000522","article-title":"Active power filters: A review","volume":"147","author":"Darwish","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1109\/61.568259","article-title":"Control strategy and site selection of a shunt active filter for damping of harmonic propagation in power distribution systems","volume":"12","author":"Akagi","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Marques, G.D. (September, January 31). A comparison of active power filter control methods in unbalanced and non-sinusoidal conditions. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (Cat.No.98CH36200), IECON \u201998, Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Sahnouni, K., Godfroid, H., and Berthon, A. (1999, January 9\u201312). An optimised variable structure control of a shunt active filter. Proceedings of the IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference: IEMDC\u201999. Proceedings (Cat. No.99EX272), Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasim, W., and Gu, D. (2015, January 27\u201331). Integral backstepping controller for quadrotor path tracking. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAR.2015.7251516"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"511","article-title":"Induction motor controller using fuzzy MRAS and backstepping approach","volume":"9","author":"Ouchatti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2015.08.005","article-title":"Adaptive fuzzy backstepping control of three-phase active power filter","volume":"45","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Control Eng. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.10.043","article-title":"Implementation of Adaptive Fuzzy Logic and PI Controllers to Regulate the DC Bus Voltage of Shunt Active Power Filter","volume":"28","author":"Benchouia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s40313-015-0221-3","article-title":"Adaptive Backstepping Control of Three-Phase Four-Wire Shunt Active Power Filters for Energy Quality improvement","volume":"27","author":"Ouadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control Autom. Electr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2014.0027","article-title":"Application of Shunt Active Power Filter for Harmonic Reduction and Reactive Power Compensation in Three-Phase Four-Wire Systems","volume":"7","author":"Campanhol","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/9\/1161\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:19:32Z","timestamp":1760188772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/9\/1161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["sym11091161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym11091161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]}}}