{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T15:38:01Z","timestamp":1766504281021,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the article, possible ways of using energy recovered during regenerative braking of trains are presented. It is pointed out that the return of recovered electricity directly to the catenary and its use in the energy cooperation of vehicles can be a no-cost method (without additional infrastructure). The method of energy cooperation between trains and its main assumptions, that uses the law of conservation of energy, are described in detail. An original model is proposed which assumes optimization by controlling the train arrival time at the station within the technical time reserve. Optimization method was used metaheuristic and adapted swarm algorithm called the firefly algorithm. An exemplary simulation of the energy cooperation of trains for selected stops of a double-track railway line of the Tricity Rapid Urban Railway has been done and the obtained results are presented. Finally, in discussion and conclusions, the results were summarized and the significance of the development of the discussed method for transport rationalization was presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11091175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T04:23:36Z","timestamp":1568694216000},"page":"1175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Optimization of Energetic Train Cooperation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5296-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Urbaniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rail Transportation and Bridges, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1300-6113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Kardas-Cinal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Construction Fundamentals of Transport Equipment, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7582-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Jacyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transportation Systems Engineering and Logistics, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"965","article-title":"Selection of a container storage strategy at the rail-road intermodal terminal as a function of minimization of the energy expenditure of transshipment devices and CO2 emissions","volume":"20","author":"Jachimowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. 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