{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:48:04Z","timestamp":1760240884940,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sustainable engineering practices always provide an opportunity for engineers to produce long-term solutions. In the fields of construction and irrigation, soil bed formation symmetry is very important, especially in the case of its behavior with reference to water runoff, whether natural or artificial. In this study, different soil bed formations were tested with the help of advanced hydrology apparatus under severe rainfall conditions. A major focus was to observe the water retention and volume discharge with reference to soil combinations and slope level change. Furthermore, an advanced decision-making technique incorporating artificial neural networks (ANNs) was used to predict and explore the interrelationship behavior of different parameters. It was observed that ST-1 (100% clay) performed well as it tried to retain a large quantity of water (7.28 L\/min), making it suitable for irrigation, while ST-2 (100% sand) performed better for structures, as sand tries to quickly drain water, thus retaining less water (0.16 L\/min). Change of slope was also another factor; at a 3% slope level along with 100% clay, water resistance was higher as compared to sand. Soil type-3 (ST-3) helped in the retention of water even at a 3% soil bed slope. This study will help engineers and designers in the optimization of soil bed formation for construction and irrigation purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11101224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T11:11:16Z","timestamp":1569928276000},"page":"1224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rainfall Runoff Analysis and Sustainable Soil Bed Optimization Engineering Process: Application of an Advanced Decision-Making Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Hamza","family":"Hanif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering &amp; Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Adnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering &amp; Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syyed Adnan Raheel","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering &amp; Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasir Mahmood","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pakistan Engineering Council, Ataturk Avenue (East), G-5\/2, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehwish","family":"Nadeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering &amp; Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jahanzeb","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering &amp; Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Waseem","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering &amp; Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering &amp; Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Waseem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Chemistry, Bayreuth Centre for Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chouksey, A., Lambey, V., Nikam, B., Aggarwal, S., and Dutta, S. 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Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8030364"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/10\/1224\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:26:42Z","timestamp":1760189202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/11\/10\/1224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["sym11101224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym11101224","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]}}}