{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:48:40Z","timestamp":1760240920860,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to address the issues of the simultaneous control of the angle of attack, sideslip angle, and airspeed of a flight in a vectorial form. A vector controller, with a symmetry structure, is developed to transform the attitude and speed control problem into a space-vector tracking problem. We first establish flight vector-coupled dynamics, i.e., describe velocity and angular-velocity vectors in a body-fixed frame, and then propose a multivariable backstepping sliding mode control algorithm along with nonlinear disturbance observers for the vectorial dynamics. The theoretical analysis ensures that the states of the system can be enforced to reach a small neighborhood of the desired sliding manifold. The results of the numerical simulation illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the combined vector-control scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11101225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T11:11:16Z","timestamp":1569928276000},"page":"1225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vector-Coupled Flight Controller Design Based on Multivariable Backstepping Sliding Mode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2965-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J.H. 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