{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:06:35Z","timestamp":1780592795949,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,20]],"date-time":"2019-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a a novel alghorithm of diagnosis and treatment of rigid flatfoot due to tarsal coalition. It introduces a workflow based on 3D printed models, that ensures more efficiency, not only by reducing costs and time, but also by improving procedures in the preoperative clinical phase. Since this paper concerns the development of a new methodology that integrates both engineering and medical fields, it highlights symmetry. An economic comparison is made between the traditional method and the innovative one; the results demonstrate a reduction in costs with the latter. The current, traditional method faces critical issues in diagnosing the pathologies of a limb (such as the foot) and taking decisions for further treatment of the same limb. The proposed alternative methodology thus uses new technologies that are part of the traditional workflow, only replacing the most obsolete ones. In fact, it is increasingly becoming necessary to introduce new technologies in orthopedics, as in other areas of medicine, to offer improved healthcare services for patients. Similar clinical treatments can be performed using the aforementioned technologies, offering greater effectiveness, more simplicity of approach, shorter times, and lower costs. An important technology that fits into this proposed methodology is 3D printing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11101317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T03:40:29Z","timestamp":1571629229000},"page":"1317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgery with 3D Printing: Improvements and Cost Reduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4809-3536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Frizziero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM University of Bologna, I-40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7966-6002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Maria","family":"Santi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM University of Bologna, I-40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3255-9381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Liverani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM University of Bologna, I-40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4331-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Giuseppetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM University of Bologna, I-40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Trisolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RCCS Istituto Otopedico Rizzoli (Rizzoli Ortopaedic Institute), Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2058-0327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Maredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RCCS Istituto Otopedico Rizzoli (Rizzoli Ortopaedic Institute), Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Stilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RCCS Istituto Otopedico Rizzoli (Rizzoli Ortopaedic Institute), Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Maredi, E., and Stilli, S. (2018). Modelli 3D-printing nel planning preoperatorio del paziente pediatrico affetto da malformazioni congenite. Studio pilota. Protocollo 05032018."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osti, F., Santi, G., Neri, M., Liverani, A., Frizziero, L., Stilli, S., Maredi, E., Zarantonello, P., Gallone, G., and Stallone, S. (2019). CT Conversion Workflow for Intraoperative Usage of Bony Models: From DICOM Data to 3D Printed Models. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9040708"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019, March 21). Piede Piatto nel Bambino. Available online: http:\/\/www.podologodiroma.it\/piede-piatto-nel-bambino."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, J.B., Yang, S., and Lather, L.A. (2019, April 08). Pediatric Pes Planus: A State-of-the-Art Review. Available online: https:\/\/pediatrics.aappublications.org\/content\/137\/3\/e20151230.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1230"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Pellegrino, A. (2019, March 21). Chirurgia del Piede e Della Caviglia Testo Informativo per i Pazienti. Available online: https:\/\/www.etzelclinic.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/etzelclinic_i_fuss_hallux.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Meomartino, L. (2019, March 12). Tomografia Computerizzata: Principi Fisici e Formazione Delle Immagini. Available online: http:\/\/www.federica.unina.it\/medicina-veterinaria\/radiologia-veterinaria-e-medicina-nucleare\/tomografia-computerizzata\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Gindro, R. (2019, March 12). TAC, Mezzo di Contrasto, Rischi e Altre Domande Frequenti. Available online: https:\/\/www.farmacoecura.it\/diagnostici\/tac-mezzo-contrasto-rischi-domande-frequenti\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Barca, F. (2019, March 21). Piede Piatto da Sinostosi. 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