{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T23:57:15Z","timestamp":1768262235493,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Malaysia Ministry of Education (MoE)","award":["1611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1611"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) can be described as a group of wireless mobile nodes that form a temporary dynamic and independent infrastructure network or a central administration facility. High energy consumption is one of the main problems associated with the MANET technology. The wireless mobile nodes used in this process rely on batteries because the network does not have a steady power supply. Thus, the rapid battery drain reduces the lifespan of the network. In this paper, a new Bat Optimized Link State Routing (BOLSR) protocol is proposed to improve the energy usage of the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol in the MANET. The symmetry between OLSR of MANET and Bat Algorithm (BA) is that both of them use the same mechanism for finding the path via sending and receiving specific signals. This symmetry resulted in the BOLSR protocol that determines the optimized path from a source node to a destination node according to the energy dynamics of the nodes. The BOLSR protocol is implemented in a MANET simulation by using MATLAB toolbox. Different scenarios are tested to compare the BOLSR protocol with the Cellular Automata African Buffalo Optimization (CAABO), Energy-Based OLSR (EBOLSR), and the standard OLSR. The performance metric consists of routing overhead ratios, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay which is applied to evaluate the performance of the routing protocols. The results of the tests reveal that the BOLSR protocol reduces the energy consumption and increases the lifespan of the network, compared with the CAABO, EBOLSR, and OLSR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11111409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T11:25:56Z","timestamp":1573817156000},"page":"1409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Bat Optimized Link State Routing Protocol for Energy-Aware Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6719-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Ahmed","family":"Jubair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Salama A.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8999-9548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravie Chandren","family":"Muniyandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology and Information Science, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Hairulnizam","family":"Mahdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9077-4995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Mustapha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Mustafa Hamid","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Moamin A.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Yasir Amer","family":"Al-Jawhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6746-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Salih","family":"Al-Khaleefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadband and Networking (BBNET) Research Group, Centre for Telecommunication and Research Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Jubair","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, Al-Farabi University College, 10022 Al-Doura, Baghdad, Iraq"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6005-2_16","article-title":"Developing Small Size Low-Cost Software-Defined Networking Switch Using Raspberry Pi","volume":"Volume 638","author":"Lobiyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Next-Generation Networks"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2673-8_23","article-title":"A Novel Approach for Gateway Node Election Method for Clustering in Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"Volume 870","author":"Kamal","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Conference on Advanced Computing Networking and Informatics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, D., Xia, H., Xu, E., Jing, D., and Zhang, H. 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