{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T13:13:02Z","timestamp":1769346782612,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless networks employing millimeter-wave (mmWave) and Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technologies are a key approach to boost network capacity, coverage, and quality of service (QoS) for future communications. They deploy symmetric antennas on a large scale in order to enhance the system throughput and data rate. However, increasing the number of antennas and Radio Frequency (RF) chains results in high computational complexity and more energy requirements. Therefore, to solve these problems, this paper proposes a low-complexity hybrid beamforming scheme for mmWave Massive-MIMO 5G wireless networks. The proposed algorithm is on the basis of alternating the minimum mean square error (Alt-MMSE) hybrid beamforming technique in which the orthogonal properties of the digital matrix were designed, and then the MSE of the transmitted and received signal was reduced. The phase of the analog matrix was obtained from the updated digital matrix. Simulation results showed that the proposed hybrid beamforming algorithm had better performance than existing state-of-the-art algorithms, and similar performance with the optimal digital precoding algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11111424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T11:18:48Z","timestamp":1574075928000},"page":"1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Robust Hybrid Beamforming Scheme for Millimeter-Wave Massive-MIMO 5G Wireless Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Saleem Latteef","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10013, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8579-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9071-1775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadik Kamel","family":"Gharghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10013, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-8024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Peshawar 814 KPK, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Albreem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, A\u2019Sharqiyah University, Ibra 400, Oman"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2019.2894789","article-title":"Successive localization and beamforming in 5G mmWave MIMO communication systems","volume":"67","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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