{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T02:01:16Z","timestamp":1770516076003,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of auxiliary information in survey sampling to enhance the efficiency of the estimators of population parameters is a common phenomenon. Generally, the ratio and regression estimators are developed by using the known information on conventional parameters of the auxiliary variables, such as variance, coefficient of variation, coefficient of skewness, coefficient of kurtosis, or correlation between the study and auxiliary variable. The efficiency of these estimators is dubious in the presence of outliers in the data and a nonsymmetrical population. This study presents improved variance estimators under simple random sampling without replacement with the assumption that the information on some nonconventional dispersion measures of the auxiliary variable is readily available. These auxiliary variables can be the inter-decile range, sample inter-quartile range, probability-weighted moment estimator, Gini mean difference estimator, Downton\u2019s estimator, median absolute deviation from the median, and so forth. The algebraic expressions for the bias and mean square error of the proposed estimators are obtained and the efficiency conditions are derived to compare with the existing estimators. The percentage relative efficiencies are used to numerically compare the results of the proposed estimators with the existing estimators by using real datasets, indicating the supremacy of the suggested estimators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:23:12Z","timestamp":1577071392000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Use of Nonconventional Dispersion Measures to Improve the Efficiency of Ratio-Type Estimators of Variance in the Presence of Outliers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5837-1072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah","family":"Naz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Institute of Statistics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0609-2084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahir","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianxiao","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Institute of Statistics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Abid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cochran, W.G. 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