{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T23:28:21Z","timestamp":1772926101002,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The existence of solid-phase nanoparticles remarkably improves the thermal conductivity of the fluids. The enhancement in this property of the nanofluids is affected by different items such as the solid-phase volume fraction and dimensions, temperature, etc. In the current paper, three different mathematical models, including polynomial correlation, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS), and Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), are applied to forecast the thermal conductivity of nanofluids containing MgO particles. The inputs of the model are the base fluid thermal conductivity, volume concentration, and average dimension of solid-phase, and nanofluids\u2019 temperature. Comparing the proposed models revealed higher confidence of GMDH in estimating the thermal conductivity, which is attributed to its complicated structure and more appropriate consideration of the input\u2019s interaction. The values of R-squared for the correlation, MARS, and GMDH are 0.9949, 0.9952, and 0.9991, respectively. In addition, based on the sensitivity analysis, the effect of thermal conductivity of the base fluid on the overall thermal conductivity of nanofluids is more remarkable compared with the other inputs such as volume fraction, temperature, and dimensions of the particles which are used as the inputs of the models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12020206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T01:25:51Z","timestamp":1580693151000},"page":"206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Thermal Conductivity Modeling of Nanofluids Contain MgO Particles by Employing Different Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Na","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akbar","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alhuyi Nazari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Renewable Energies, Faculty of New Science &amp; Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 5441656498, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iskander","family":"Tlili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0631-3046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Safdari Shadloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CORIA-UMR 6614, Normandie University, CNRS-University &amp; INSA, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.09.012","article-title":"Thermal conductivity optimization and entropy generation analysis of titanium dioxide nanofluid in evacuated tube solar collector","volume":"145","author":"Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. 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