{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:13:48Z","timestamp":1787030028091,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Southwest University of Science and Technology","award":["17zx714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17zx714"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In special geology conditions such as silt-soil, foundation pits are prone to instability and severe deformation. In this paper, a composite soil nailing structure was studied and its effect on a silt-soil symmetrical foundation pit investigated. The factors affecting the stability of the pit as well as its deformation characteristics were also explored. The results show that excavation depth of the foundation pit has a significant impact on its stability. The soil outside the foundation pit is in the form of a parabola, and the uplift of the soil mainly occurs at the bottom. The horizontal displacement of soil on the side wall of the foundation pit presents a \u201cbulk belly\u201d form. In addition, the axial force of soil nails is larger in the middle part, and smaller at both ends in the shape of a spindle. Moreover, the horizontal displacement is positively correlated with the inclination and spacing of the soil nails, but negatively correlated with the diameter and depth of the mixing pile inlay. Furthermore, the inclination and spacing of the soil nails, the diameter, and embedded depth of the mixing pile have their own critical values for stability of the foundation pit. Specifically, in this paper, with respect to soil nails, inclination should be below 30\u00b0 and prestress value should not exceed 20 kN. With respect to the mixing pile, the diameter should be less than 1.5 m; when the embedded depth of the mixing pile exceeds the critical depth, the limiting effect of the mixing pile on horizontal displacement is not significant. This research provides important takeaways for the design of a composite soil nailing structure for symmetrical foundation pits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12020252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T03:13:27Z","timestamp":1581045207000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Numerical Investigation of a Foundation Pit Supported by a Composite Soil Nailing Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2572-0728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"},{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genxiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengjie","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7631-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanzheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianlong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1139\/cgj-2015-0267","article-title":"Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Several Types of Soil Nails for Different Geological Conditions","volume":"53","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. 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