{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T20:00:48Z","timestamp":1772740848015,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cGeozondas\u201d Ltd.","award":["01.2.1-MITA-T-851-02-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.2.1-MITA-T-851-02-0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The design and development of a compact square-wave pulse generator for the electroporation of biological cells is presented. This electroporator can generate square-wave pulses with durations from 3 \u03bcs up to 10 ms, voltage amplitudes up to 3500 V, and currents up to 250 A. The quantity of the accumulated energy is optimized by means of a variable capacitor bank. The pulse forming unit design uses a crowbar circuit, which gives better control of the pulse form and its duration, independent of the load impedance. In such cases, the square-wave pulse form ensures better control of electroporation efficiency by choosing parameters determined in advance. The device has an integrated graphic LCD screen and measurement modules for the visualization of the current pulse, allowing for express control of the electroporation quality and does not require an external oscilloscope for current pulse recording. This electroporator was tested on suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells, during which, it was demonstrated that the application of such square-wave pulses ensured better control of the electroporation efficiency and cell viability after treatment using the pulsed electric field (PEF).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12030412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T07:33:46Z","timestamp":1583480026000},"page":"412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Compact Square-Wave Pulse Electroporator with Controlled Electroporation Efficiency and Cell Viability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6552-0862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Voitech","family":"Stankevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Sauletekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Naugarduko 41, 03227 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Povilas","family":"Simonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Sauletekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0912-4563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nerija","family":"Zurauskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Sauletekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Naugarduko 41, 03227 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8081-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arunas","family":"Stirke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Sauletekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9781-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldas","family":"Dervinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Sauletekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vytautas","family":"Bleizgys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Sauletekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Naugarduko 41, 03227 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1815-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Skirmantas","family":"Kersulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Sauletekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saulius","family":"Balevicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Sauletekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.002","article-title":"Electroporation-Based Applications in Biotechnology","volume":"33","author":"Kotnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071813-104622","article-title":"Electroporation-Based Technologies for Medicine: Principles, Applications, and Challenges","volume":"16","author":"Yarmush","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. 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