{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T05:05:59Z","timestamp":1777698359219,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,8]],"date-time":"2020-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61671222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61671222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2018ZDXM-GY-036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZDXM-GY-036"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing for Big Energy Data","award":["IPBED7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPBED7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrared image recognition technology can work day and night and has a long detection distance. However, the infrared objects have less prior information and external factors in the real-world environment easily interfere with them. Therefore, infrared object classification is a very challenging research area. Manifold learning can be used to improve the classification accuracy of infrared images in the manifold space. In this article, we propose a novel manifold learning algorithm for infrared object detection and classification. First, a manifold space is constructed with each pixel of the infrared object image as a dimension. Infrared images are represented as data points in this constructed manifold space. Next, we simulate the probability distribution information of infrared data points with the Gaussian distribution in the manifold space. Then, based on the Gaussian distribution information in the manifold space, the distribution characteristics of the data points of the infrared image in the low-dimensional space are derived. The proposed algorithm uses the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence to minimize the loss function between two symmetrical distributions, and finally completes the classification in the low-dimensional manifold space. The efficiency of the algorithm is validated on two public infrared image data sets. The experiments show that the proposed method has a 97.46% classification accuracy and competitive speed in regards to the analyzed data sets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12030434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T05:37:34Z","timestamp":1583732254000},"page":"434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Classification of Infrared Objects in Manifold Space Using Kullback-Leibler Divergence of Gaussian Distributions of Image Points"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9175-5668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huilin","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runbang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robertas","family":"Dama\u0161evi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Applied Informatics, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas 44404, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dara, S., and Tumma, P. 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