{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:46:46Z","timestamp":1760237206494,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coping with the skyrocketing needs for massive amounts of data for the future Fifth Generation (5G) network, Device-to-Device (D2D) communications technology will provide seamless connectivity, high data rates, extended network coverage, and spectral efficiency. The D2D communications are a prevalent emerging technology to achieve the vision of symmetry in the Internet of Things (IoT) services. However, energy resource constraints, network stability, traffic congestion, and link failure of the devices are the crucial impediments to establish an optimal route in the D2D communications based IoT 5G network. These obstacles induced packet drop, rapid energy depletion, higher end-to-end delay, and unfairness across the network, leading to significant route and network performance degradation. Therefore, in this paper, an energy, mobility, queue length, and link quality-aware routing (EMBLR) approach is proposed to overcome the challenges and boost network performance. Moreover, a multicriteria decision making (MCDM) technique is utilized for the selection of the intermediate device in an optimal route. Extensive simulation has been conducted and proven that the proposed routing approach significantly enhances network performance. Overall, results have been carried out in Quality of Service (QoS) performance metrics and compared with other well-known routing approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12030438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T07:15:26Z","timestamp":1583738126000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["EMBLR: A High-Performance Optimal Routing Approach for D2D Communications in Large-scale IoT 5G Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Valmik","family":"Tilwari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0186-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaharudin","family":"Dimyati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MHD","family":"Hindia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2816-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tengku","family":"Mohmed Noor Izam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iraj","family":"Amiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Optics Research Group, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2771153","article-title":"A Comprehensive Survey on Fog Computing: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges","volume":"20","author":"Mouradian","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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