{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T12:42:20Z","timestamp":1772887340556,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article describes the design procedure of a topologically optimized scooter frame part. It is the rear heel of the frame, one of the four main parts of a scooter made with stainless steel 3D printing. The first part of the article deals with the design area definition and the determination of load cases for topology calculation. The second part describes the process of the topology optimization itself and the creation of the volume body based on the calculation results. Finally, the final control using an FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis and optimization of created Computer-Aided Design (CAD) data is shown. Part of the article is also a review of partial iterations and resulting versions of the designed part. Symmetry was used to define boundary conditions, which led to computing time savings, as well as during the CAD model creation, where non-parametric surfaces were mirrored to shorten the design time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12050755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T04:46:07Z","timestamp":1588826767000},"page":"755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Design Procedure of a Topologically Optimized Scooter Frame Part"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lukas","family":"Jancar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Parts and Mechanisms, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7839-2767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Pagac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0438-721X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Mesicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Stefek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Bionic Architecture, Forms and Constructions","volume":"3","author":"Sadri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. J. Recent Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0657(14)70083-9","article-title":"3D printing the world\u2019s first metal bicycle frame","volume":"69","author":"Nickels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Met. Powder Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Destro, M. (2020, February 18). Simulations of Oblique Impacts on Regular and Hierarchical Lattice Structures. Available online: http:\/\/tesi.cab.unipd.it\/62511\/1\/Destro_Matteo_1147958.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podrou\u017eek, J., Marcon, M., Nin\u010devi\u0107, K., and Wan-Wendner, R. (2019). Bio-Inspired 3D Infill Patterns for Additive Manufacturing and Structural Applications. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12030499"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2019.105664","article-title":"Bionic design for the aerodynamic shape of a stratospheric airship","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Y., Zhou, Z., Wang, Z., Liu, H., and Wang, K. (2019). Bionic Stiffener Layout Optimization with a Flexible Plate in Solar-Powered UAV Surface Structure Design. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235196"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Ou, H., He, J., and Wen, G. (2019). Topological Design of a Lightweight Sandwich Aircraft Spoiler. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12193225"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-015-7155-6","article-title":"Bionic design and verification of high-precision machine tool structures","volume":"81","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bendsoe, M.P., and Sigmund, O. (2003). Topology Optimization: Theory, Methods and Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, D., Hoglund, R., and Smith, D.E. (2019). Continuous Fiber Angle Topology Optimization for Polymer Composite Deposition Additive Manufacturing Applications. Fibers, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fib7020014"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajny\u0161, J., Pag\u00e1\u010d, M., Zl\u00e1mal, T., Petr\u016f, J., and Kousal, L. (2018). Stiffness of 316L stainless steel support structures proposed for the SLM process. MATEC Web Conf., 244.","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201824401008"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Renishaw Plc (2019, August 16). Data Sheets\u2014Additive Manufacturing. Renishaw, 2019, UK. 9.7.2019 [11.7.2019]. Available online: https:\/\/www.renishaw.com\/en\/data-sheets-additive-manufacturing--17862."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"solidthinking, Inc. (2020, March 16). Altair Inspire: Generate Structurally Efficient Concepts Quickly and Easily. 5.10.2019 [12.3.2020]. Available online: https:\/\/solidthinking.com\/product\/inspire\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01650949","article-title":"Optimal shape design as a material distribution problem","volume":"1","author":"Bendsoe","year":"1989","journal-title":"Struct. Optim."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2020, March 16). Advanced Engineering, Practical Aspects of Structural Optimisation. 3.8.2018 [12.3.2020]. Available online: https:\/\/advanced-eng.cz\/ke-stazeni\/optimization-ebook\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, A.Y., Na, G., and Koo, B. (2020). Topology and Response Surface Optimization of a Bicycle Crank Arm with Multiple Load Cases. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10062201"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041007","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4042580","article-title":"Parametric Topology Optimization Toward Rational Design and Efficient Prefabrication for Additive Manufacturing","volume":"141","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. Trans. ASME"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, D., Zhan, W., Wu, F., and Simeone, A. (2018). Topology Optimization of Spatially Compliant Mechanisms with an Isomorphic Matrix of a 3-UPC Type Parallel Prototype Manipulator. Micromachines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9040184"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"SolidThinking, Inc. (2019, August 02). solidThinking Inspire 2017.2. 16.3.2017 [11.7.2019]. Available online: https:\/\/solidthinking.com\/help\/Inspire\/2017.2\/win\/en_us\/index.html?welcome.htm."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Pagac, M., Hajnys, J., Petru, J., Zlamal, T., and Sofer, M. (2017, January 24\u201326). The Study of Mechanical Properties Stainless Steel 316L After Production from Metal Powder with Using Additive Technology and by Method Selective Laser Melting. METAL 2017. Proceedings of the 26th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Brno, Czech republic."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-10-2017-0213","article-title":"Generating support structures for additive manufacturing with continuum topology optimization methods","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2018.12.006","article-title":"Overhang constraint for topology optimization of self-supported compliant mechanisms considering additive manufacturing","volume":"110","author":"Garaigordobil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/5\/755\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:32:44Z","timestamp":1760362364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/5\/755"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["sym12050755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym12050755","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]}}}