{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T02:08:05Z","timestamp":1775786885930,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The new generation of wireless communication systems has adopted different waveforms. The universal filtered multicarrier is one of the adopted candidates that has symmetry with various numerology designs. However, the high peak to average power ratio is one of the major limitations faced by universal filter multicarrier (UFMC) designers. Moreover, recent studies utilize cubic metric along with the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) to show the power back-off effect of the signal in which the PAPR metric identifies the maximum peak and the cubic metric (CM) identifies the Out of Band emission and In-Band distortion. Most of the current solutions, such as amplitude clipping, tone reservation, and active constellation extension, decrease the PAPR but cause degradation to the bit error rate. Selected mapping is one of the promising techniques that is recently used to solve the PAPR and CM problems without causing bit error rate (BER) degradation. In this paper, the selected mapping (SLM) is integrated with UFMC to reduce the PAPR and CM without affecting the BER of 5G networks. The SLM-UFMC solution model is simulated by MATLAB and the results show that the SLM-UFMC model presents better PAPR and CM performance without BER degradation. The PAPR has been decreased to 1.5 dB with respect to eight-phase rotation vectors and the CM decreased to 1.25 dB compared to the conventional UFMC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12060909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T04:12:09Z","timestamp":1591157529000},"page":"909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A New SLM-UFMC Model for Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier to Reduce Cubic Metric and Peak to Average Power Ratio in 5G Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Farooq Sijal","family":"Shawqi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor 86400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0958-4474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukman","family":"Audah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor 86400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5348-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salama A.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor 86400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saraswathy Shamini","family":"Gunasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8669-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Talaat","family":"Hammoodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor 86400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4908-5573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hosam","family":"Alhakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustafa Hamid","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor 86400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6719-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Ahmed","family":"Jubair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor 86400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1230-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wajdi","family":"Alhakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, 21944 Taif, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews, J.G., Buzzi, S., Choi, W., Hanly, S., Lozano, A., Soong, A.C.K., and Zhang, J.C. (2014). What Will 5G Be?. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328098"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97673","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2930121","article-title":"Reducing PAPR with Low Complexity for 4G and 5G Waveform Designs","volume":"7","author":"Ramli","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2652495","article-title":"5G: Adaptable Networks Enabled by Versatile Radio Access Technologies","volume":"19","author":"Sexton","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2532458","article-title":"Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"18","author":"Agiwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26556","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2774002","article-title":"On the Road to 5G: Comparative Study of Physical Layer in MTC Context","volume":"5","author":"Medjahdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2015.7315054","article-title":"A Survey: Several Technologies of Non-Orthogonal Transmission for 5G","volume":"12","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2710022","article-title":"Filter Bank Multicarrier Modulation Schemes for Future Mobile Communications","volume":"35","author":"Nissel","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheikh, J.A., Mir, Z.I., Parah, S.A., and Bhat, G.M. (2020). A New Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) Based Cognitive Radio for 5G Networks Using Optimization Techniques. Wirel. Pers. Commun.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07101-y"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2011.940267","article-title":"OFDM Versus Filter Bank Multicarrier","volume":"28","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Signal. Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Abdoli, J., Jia, M., and Jianglei Ma, J. (July, January 28). Filtered OFDM: A New Waveform for Future Wireless Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE 16th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wild, T., Schaich, F., and Yejian Chen, Y. (2014, January 20\u201323). 5G Air Interface Design Based on Universal Filtered (UF-) OFDM. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Digital Signal. Processing (DSP), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSP.2014.6900754"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2012.2218138","article-title":"The PAPR Problem in OFDM Transmission: New Directions for a Long-Lasting Problem","volume":"30","author":"Wunder","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Signal. Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2016.2584068","article-title":"A Necessary Condition for Waveforms with Better PAPR Than OFDM","volume":"64","author":"Chafii","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Markku, R., Yli-Kaakinen, J., and Valkama, M. (2016, January 18\u201320). Power Amplifier Effects on Frequency Localized 5G Candidate Waveforms. Proceedings of the 22nd European Wireless Conference, Oulu, Finland."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sendrei, L., Marchevsk\u00fd, S., Michailow, N., and Fettweis, G. (2014, January 15\u201316). Iterative Receiver for Clipped GFDM Signals. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference Radioelektronika, Bratislava, Slovakia.","DOI":"10.1109\/Radioelek.2014.6828483"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.021313.00164","article-title":"Peak-To-Average Power Ratio Reduction in OFDM Systems: A Survey and Taxonomy","volume":"15","author":"Rahmatallah","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2005.847626","article-title":"Exponential Companding Technique for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcasting"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-013-1350-2","article-title":"PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems: Polynomial-Based Compressing and Iterative Expanding","volume":"75","author":"Omidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopal, R., and Kumar Patra, S. (2015, January 23\u201324). Combining Tone Injection and Companding Techniques for PAPR Reduction of FBMC-OQAM System. Proceedings of the Global Conference on Communication Technologies (GCCT), Thuckalay, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCCT.2015.7342756"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2018","article-title":"Reduction of the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio for the OFDM\/OQAM Modulation","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Skrzypczak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrzypczak, A., Javaudin, J.P., and Siohan, P. (2006, January 25\u201328). Overlapped Selective Mapping for Pulse-Shaped Multi-Carrier Modulations. Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCF.2006.169"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2983","article-title":"PAPR Analysis of OFDM System Using AI Based Multiple Signal Representation Methods","volume":"17","author":"Shukla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Telecommun. Comput. Electron. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19970266","article-title":"OFDM with Reduced Peak-to-Average Power Ratio by Optimum Combination of Partial Transmit Sequences","volume":"33","author":"Huber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19961384","article-title":"Reducing the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of Multicarrier Modulation by Selected Mapping","volume":"32","author":"Fischer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2012.2216472","article-title":"A New Blind SLM Scheme with Low Decoding Complexity for OFDM Systems","volume":"58","author":"Joo","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcast."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2345262","article-title":"A Semi-Blind SLM Scheme for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems with Low-Complexity Transceiver","volume":"64","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2011.2151570","article-title":"A Low-Complexity SLM Scheme Using Additive Mapping Sequences for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals","volume":"57","author":"Jeon","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcast."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Tsai, Y.R., Lin, C.H., and Chen, Y.C. (July, January 28). A Low-Complexity SLM Approach Based on Time-Domain Sub-Block Conversion Matrices for OFDM PAPR Reduction. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Kerkyra, Greece."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, H., Guilloud, F., and Pyndiah, R. (2011, January 15\u201318). Low Complexity SLM Technique with an Interleaver-Butterfly Ensemble for PAPR Reduction of Power Limited OFDM System. Proceedings of the IEEE 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2011.5956138"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2009.07.070156","article-title":"Novel Conversion Matrices for Simplifying the IFFT Computation of an SLM-Based PAPR Reduction Scheme for OFDM Systems","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2015.1261","article-title":"Chaos-Based Selected Mapping Scheme for Physical Layer Security in OFDM-PON","volume":"51","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2006.871979","article-title":"On the Phase Sequence Set of SLM OFDM Scheme for a Crest Factor Reduction","volume":"54","author":"Lim","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2015.0194","article-title":"Low-Complexity Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Method for Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Communications","volume":"9","author":"Yuewen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2395818","article-title":"A Low-Complexity Architecture for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems with Near-Optimal Performance","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2018.2828610","article-title":"Reduction of PAPR Without Side Information for SFBC MIMO-OFDM Systems","volume":"65","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcast."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulusu, S.K.C., Shaiek, H., Roviras, D., and Zayani, R. (2014, January 26\u201329). Reduction of PAPR for FBMC-OQAM Systems Using Dispersive SLM Technique. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Wireless Communications Systems (ISWCS), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWCS.2015.7454408"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishna Chaitanya Bulusu, S.S., Shaiek, H., and Roviras, D. (2015, January 8\u201312). Potency of Trellis-Based SLM over Symbol-by-Symbol Approach in Reducing PAPR for FBMC-OQAM Signals. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7249075"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2013.2273557","article-title":"Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction for OFDM\/OQAM Signals via Alternative-Signal Method","volume":"63","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., and Rautio, T. (2016, January 19\u201321). Weighted Selective Mapping Algorithm for FBMC-OQAM Systems. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2016.7763471"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afrasiabi-Gorgani, S., and Wunder, G. (2020). The Method of Conditional Expectations for PAPR and Cubic Metric Reduction. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2019.8815565"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"4","article-title":"Experimental Study on the Impact of Weather Conditions on Wide Code Division Multiple Access Signals in Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Onoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Tech. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Behravan, A., and Eriksson, T. (2006, January 7\u201310). Some Statistical Properties of Multicarrier Signals and Related Measures. Proceedings of the IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, M., and Qiu, Z. (2006, January 6\u20139). Power De-Rating Reduction for DFT-S-OFDM System. Proceedings of the IET International Conference on Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks (ICWMMN), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:20061399"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Liu, J., and Xie, S. (2019). Cubic Metric Reduction for Repetitive CAZAC Sequences in Frequency Domain. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Mei, L., Wang, Z., and Sha, X. (2019, January 15\u201318). Enhanced Clipping and Filtering with WFRFT for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Marrakesh, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2019.8885544"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Setiawan, D., Gunawan, D., and Sirat, D. (2009, January 23\u201325). Interference Analysis of Guard Band and Geographical Separation between DVB-T and E-UTRA in Digital Dividend UHF Band. Proceedings of the International Conference on Instrumentation, Communication, Information Technology, and Biomedical Engineering (ICICI-BME), Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICI-BME.2009.5417258"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10103","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2891312","article-title":"Green Coexistence for 5G Waveform Candidates: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Hammoodi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/6\/909\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:34:36Z","timestamp":1760175276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/6\/909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["sym12060909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym12060909","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}}}