{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:56:23Z","timestamp":1780088183159,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although prebiotic condensations of glycerol, phosphate and fatty acids produce phospholipid esters with a racemic backbone, most experimental studies on vesicles intended as protocell models have been carried out by employing commercial enantiopure phospholipids. Current experimental research on realistic protocell models urgently requires racemic phospholipids and efficient synthetic routes for their production. Here we propose three synthetic pathways starting from glycerol or from racemic solketal (\u03b1,\u03b2-isopropylidene-dl-glycerol) for the gram-scale production (up to 4 g) of racemic phospholipid ester precursors. We describe and compare these synthetic pathways with literature data. Racemic phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines were obtained in good yields and high purity from 1,2-diacylglycerols. Racemic POPC (rac-POPC, (R,S)-1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-phosphocholine), was used as a model compound for the preparation of giant vesicles (GVs). Confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy was used to compare GVs prepared from enantiopure (R)-POPC), racemic POPC (rac-POPC) and a scalemic mixture (scal-POPC) of (R)-POPC enriched with rac-POPC. Vesicle morphology and size distribution were similar among the different (R)-POPC, rac-POPC and scal-POPC, while calcein entrapments in (R)-POPC and in scal-POPC were significantly distinct by about 10%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12071108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T11:07:42Z","timestamp":1594033662000},"page":"1108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Racemic Phospholipids for Origin of Life Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3171-6645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Altamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8835-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Comte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Mol\u00e9culaires et Supramol\u00e9culaires (UMR 5246), Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, B\u00e2t. Edgar Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, CEDEX, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6740-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"D\u2019Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Mol\u00e9culaires et Supramol\u00e9culaires (UMR 5246), Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, B\u00e2t. Edgar Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, CEDEX, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Roussillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Mol\u00e9culaires et Supramol\u00e9culaires (UMR 5246), Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, B\u00e2t. Edgar Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, CEDEX, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1543-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitri","family":"Fayolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Mol\u00e9culaires et Supramol\u00e9culaires (UMR 5246), Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, B\u00e2t. Edgar Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, CEDEX, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7966-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Buchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Mol\u00e9culaires et Supramol\u00e9culaires (UMR 5246), Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, B\u00e2t. Edgar Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, CEDEX, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0299-0012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Mavelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2228-2825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Stano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8176-9249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Mol\u00e9culaires et Supramol\u00e9culaires (UMR 5246), Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, B\u00e2t. Edgar Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, CEDEX, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Strazewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Mol\u00e9culaires et Supramol\u00e9culaires (UMR 5246), Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, B\u00e2t. Edgar Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, CEDEX, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.20532","article-title":"When did Louis Pasteur present his memoir on the discovery of molecular chirality to the Acad\u00e9mie des sciences ? 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