{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T01:34:41Z","timestamp":1781919281544,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research Project of Natural Science in London","award":["LKJ1800566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LKJ1800566"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At present, research on the influence of friction heat on the wear resistance of laser cladding layers is still lacking, and there is even less research on the temperature of laser cladding layers under different loads by a finite element program generator (FEPG). After a symmetrical laser cladding path, the wear performance of the moving jaw will change. The study of the temperature change of the moving jaw material in friction provides a theoretical basis for the surface modification of the moving jaw. The model of the column ring is built in a finite element program generator (FEPG). When the inner part of the column is WDB620 (material inside the cylinder) and the outer part is ceramic powder (moving jaw surface material), the relationship between the temperature and time of the contact surface is analyzed under the load between 100 and 600 N. At the same time, the stable temperature, wear amount, effective hardening layer thickness, strain thickness, and iron oxide content corresponding to different loads in a finite element program generator (FEPG) were analyzed. The results showed that when the load is 300 N, the temperature error between the finite element program generator (FEPG) and the movable jaw material is the largest, and the relative error is 4.3%. When the load increases, the stable temperature of the moving jaw plate increases after the symmetrical laser cladding path, and the wear amount first decreases and then increases. The minimum wear amount appears at a load of 400 N and a temperature of 340 \u00b0C; the strain thickness of the sample material increases gradually, and the effective hardening layer thickness increases. However, when the load reaches 400 N, the thickness of the effective hardening layer changes little; the content of Fe decreases gradually, and the content of FeO and Fe2O3 increases. The increase of the moving jaw increases in turn the temperature of the laser cladding layer of the test jaw material, which intensifies the oxidation reaction of the ceramic powder of the laser cladding layer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12071126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T03:13:51Z","timestamp":1594091631000},"page":"1126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Finite Element Study on the Wear Performance of Movable Jaw Plates of Jaw Crushers after a Symmetrical Laser Cladding Path"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoshuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruolin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary Research Institute of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Mechanical, New York University of Technology, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2018.09.001","article-title":"Important factors affecting the gouging abrasion resistance of materials","volume":"128","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1108\/WJE-07-2016-0025","article-title":"Numerical analysis for force distribution along the swing jaw plate of a single toggle jaw crusher","volume":"14","author":"Deepak","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Shi, B., Li, G., and Yu, H. (2018). Influence of operating conditions and crushing chamber on energy consumption of cone crusher. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11051102"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhang, P., Bai, P., Su, K., and Su, H. (2019). TiBCN-Ceramic-Reinforced Ti-Based Coating by Laser Cladding: Analysis of Processing Conditions and Coating Properties. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9060407"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel, T., Rommel, D., Scherm, F., Gorywoda, M., and Glatzel, U. (2017). Symmetrical laser cladding path of ultra-thin nickel-based superalloy sheets. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10030279"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, X.-L., Dong, S.-Y., Xu, B.-S., and Cao, Y. (2018). Progress and challenges of ultrasonic testing for stress in remanufacturing symmetrical laser cladding path coating. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201801.0071.v1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Wang, Z., Chen, J., Qiao, Y., Zhang, J., and Huang, Y. (2019). Effect of rare earth oxides on microstructure and corrosion behavior of laser-cladding coating on 316l stainless steel. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9100636"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, X., Wei, Q., Zhou, J., and Ma, H. (2018). High-temperature tolerance in multi-scale cermet solar-selective absorbing coatings prepared by symmetrical laser cladding path. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11061037"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, G., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Tanaka, M.L., Chen, C., and Jiang, J. (2019). Optimizing processing parameters for multi-track symmetrical laser cladding path utilizing multi-response grey relational analysis. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9060356"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., and Liu, C. (2019). Real-time monitoring of chemical composition in nickel-based symmetrical laser cladding path layer by emission spectroscopy analysis. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12162637"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.05.042","article-title":"Reduction of spatial distribution of risk factors for transportation of contaminants released by coal mining activities","volume":"180","author":"Karan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drzyma\u0142a, T., Zegard\u0142o, B., and Tofilo, P. (2020). Properties of concrete containing recycled glass aggregates produced of exploded lighting materials. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13010226"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.02.008","article-title":"Using of low-grade heat mine water as a renewable source of energy in coal-mining regions","volume":"91","author":"Limanskiy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amanov, A., Ahn, B., Lee, M.G., Jeon, Y., and Pyun, Y. (2016). Friction and wear reduction of eccentric journal bearing made of sn-based babbitt for ore cone crusher. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9110950"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, J., and Choi, Y. (2019). Deep neural network for ore production and crusher utilization prediction of truck haulage system in underground mine. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9194180"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abuhasel, K.A. (2019). A comparative study of regression model and the adaptive neuro-fuzzy conjecture systems for predicting energy consumption for jaw crusher. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9183916"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anticoi, H., Guasch, E., Ahmad Hamid, S., Oliva, J., Alfonso, P., Bascompta, M., Sanmiquel, L., Escobet, T., Escobet, A., and Parcerisa, D. (2018). An improved high-pressure roll crusher model for tungsten and tantalum ores. Minerals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/min8110483"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2017.01.019","article-title":"An efficient discrete element lattice boltzmann model for simulation of particle-fluid, particle-particle interactions","volume":"147","author":"Pei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-016-8350-9","article-title":"Influence of cutting parameters on work hardening behavior of surface layer during turning superalloy Inconel 718","volume":"86","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"999","article-title":"Influence of layer thickness on microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy","volume":"54","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Sin."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1080\/00207217.2015.1036809","article-title":"Mechanisms of temperature dependence of threshold voltage in high-k\/metal gate transistors with different TiN thicknesses","volume":"103","author":"Nishida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.07.007","article-title":"Micromechanical modelling of rainsplash erosion in unsaturated soils by finite element method","volume":"147","author":"Cuomo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8451","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b02335","article-title":"Utilizing the finite element method for the modeling of viscosity in concentrated suspensions","volume":"32","author":"Kroupa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.07.003","article-title":"An adaptive finite element simulation of fretting wear damage at the head-neck taper junction of total hip replacement: The role of taper angle mismatch","volume":"75","author":"Fallahnezhad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02670844.2017.1312739","article-title":"Influence of carbide density on surface roughness and quasi-stable wear behaviour of h13 die steel","volume":"33","author":"Shinde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2017.09.023","article-title":"Evaluation of niobium carbide coatings produced on aisi l2 steel via thermo-reactive diffusion technique","volume":"146","author":"Soltani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coupled flow network and finite element modeling of injection-induced crack propagation and coalescence in brittle rock","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.09.075","article-title":"The neutron scattering length density of kerogen and coal as determined by ch 3 oh\/cd 3 oh exchange","volume":"117","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2017.12.017","article-title":"Ultrasonic technique for online measurement of bulk density of stamp charge coal cakes in coke plants","volume":"172","author":"Indimath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Zeng, X., Chen, C., Lian, G., and Huang, X. (2020). An integrated method for multi-objective optimization of multi-pass Fe50\/TiC symmetrical laser cladding path on AISI 1045 steel based on grey relational analysis and principal component analysis. Coatings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10020151"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Sun, W., Huang, H., Wang, W., Wang, Y., and Hu, Y. (2019). Crack sensitivity control of nickel-based laser coating based on genetic algorithm and neural network. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9110728"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, F., Chen, T., Wang, H., and Liu, D. (2017). Effect of Mo on microstructures and wear properties of in situ synthesized Ti(C,N)\/Ni-based composite coatings by symmetrical laser cladding path. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10091047"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Liu, C., Li, S., Zhang, Z., Zeng, M., Wang, F., Wang, J., and Guo, Y. (2019). Numerical simulation of thermal evolution and solidification behavior of symmetrical laser cladding path AlSiTiNi composite coatings. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9060391"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Chen, T., and Liu, D. (2020). Path planning for symmetrical laser cladding path robot on artificial joint surface based on topology reconstruction. Algorithms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/a13040093"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liang, Z., Zhang, J., Ning, Z., and Jin, H. (2016). Microstructure and antiwear property of symmetrical laser cladding path Ni\u2013Co duplex coating on copper. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9080634"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, K., Xie, H., Sun, C., Zhao, X., and Li, F. (2019). Influence of vanadium on the microstructure of IN718 alloy by symmetrical laser cladding path. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12233839"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Zhou, Y., Shi, C., and Mao, D. (2017). Microscopic analysis and electrochemical behavior of Fe-based coating produced by symmetrical laser cladding path. Metals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/met7100435"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.08.206","article-title":"The preparation of polytrifluorochloroethylene (PCTFE) micro-particles and application on treating bearing steel surfaces to improve the lubrication effect for copper-graphite (Cu\/C)","volume":"427","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.06.005","article-title":"Ink-jet printing of micro-emulsion TiO2 nano-particles ink on the surface of glass","volume":"32","author":"Zori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ournal Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10527","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.010527","article-title":"Laser-induced Hertzian fractures in silica initiated by metal micro-particles on the exit surface","volume":"24","author":"Feigenbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/7\/1126\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:48:18Z","timestamp":1760176098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/7\/1126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["sym12071126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym12071126","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]}}}