{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T19:17:18Z","timestamp":1773775038918,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The massive increase in the number of vehicles has set a precedent in terms of congestion, being one of the important factors affecting the flow of traffic, but there are also effects on the world economy. The studies carried out so far try to highlight solutions that will streamline the traffic, as society revolves around transportation and its symmetry. Current research highlights that the increased density of vehicles could be remedied by dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) systems through communications of the type vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) or vehicle-to-everything (V2X). We can say that wireless communication technologies have the potential to significantly change the efficiency and road safety, thus improving the efficiency of transport systems. An important factor is to comply with the requirements imposed on the use of vehicle safety and transport applications. Therefore, this paper focuses on several simulations on the basis of symmetry models, implemented in practical cases in order to streamline vehicle density and reduce traffic congestion. The scenarios aim at both the communication of the vehicles with each other and their prioritization by the infrastructure, so we can have a report on the efficiency of the proposed models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12071172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T05:10:30Z","timestamp":1595394630000},"page":"1172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Traffic Flow Density Model and Dynamic Traffic Congestion Model Simulation Based on Practice Case with Vehicle Network and System Traffic Intelligent Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6378-7670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Zadobrischi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Stefan cel Mare University, No. 13 Str. Universitatii, 720229 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Gh. Baritiu St. 26\u201328, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2609-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian-Mihai","family":"Cosovanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Stefan cel Mare University, No. 13 Str. Universitatii, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Dimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Stefan cel Mare University, No. 13 Str. Universitatii, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Fact Sheet on Road Traffic Injuries, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Administration (2010). Frequency of Target Crashes for IntelliDrive Safety Systems, Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"CAMP Vehicle Safety Communication Consortium (2005). Vehicle Safety Communications Project Task 3 Final Report, CAMP Vehicle Safety Communication Consortium. Technical Report DOTHS 809 859."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2132790","article-title":"Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) standards in the United States","volume":"99","author":"Kenney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2013.SUP.0513036","article-title":"Vehicular communications using DSRC: Challenges, enhancements, and evolution","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7276","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2785499","article-title":"Throughput and Economics of DSRC-based internet of vehicles","volume":"6","author":"Ligo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Koziol, M. (2019). MWC Barcelona 2019: On the Road to Self-Driving Cars, 5G Will Make Us Better Drivers, IEEE Spectrum Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2529019","article-title":"Toward Environmental-adaptive visible light communications receivers for automotive applications: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Dimian","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zadobrischi, E., Cosovanu, L., Av\u0103t\u0103m\u0103ni\u0163ei, S., and C\u0103ilean, A. (2019, January 9\u201311). Complementary Radiofrequency and Visible Light Systems for Indoor and Vehicular Communications. Proceedings of the 2019 23rd International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC), Sinaia, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSTCC.2019.8885570"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u0103ilean, A.-M., Dimian, M., and Popa, V. (2020). Noise-Adaptive Visible Light Communications Receiver for Automotive Applications: A Step Toward Self-Awareness. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20133764"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-85","article-title":"Real-time urban traffic amount prediction models for dynamic route guidance systems","volume":"2014","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurasip J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1086\/340779","article-title":"Quantifying the benefits of new products: The case of the minivan","volume":"110","author":"Petrin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Political Econ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., and Ye, J. (2020). Autonomous Detection for Traffic Flow Parameters of a Vehicle-Mounted Sensing Device Based on Symmetrical Difference. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12010072"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, T.-J., Kim, S., Williams, B., Rouphail, N., and List, G. (2020). Crash Classification by Congestion Type for Highways. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10072583"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zadobrischi, E., Av\u0103t\u0103m\u0103nitei, S., C\u0103ilean, A., Dimian, M., and Negru, M. (2019, January 5\u20137). Toward a hybrid vehicle communication platform based on VLC and DSRC technologies. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 15th International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP), Cluj-Napoca, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCP48234.2019.8959672"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Narzt, W., Wilflingseder, U., Pomberger, G., Kolb, D., H\u00f6rtner, H., and Futurelab, A.E. (2008, January 16\u201320). Self-Organizing Traffic Control for Congestion Avoidance and Traffic Flow Improvement. Proceedings of the 15th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems and ITS America\u2019s 2008 Annual MeetingITS America ERTICOITS JapanTransCore, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012831808926","article-title":"Dynamic network traffic assignment and simulation methodology for advanced system management applications","volume":"1","author":"Mahmassani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Netw. Spat. Econ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.02.006","article-title":"Adaptive Kalman filter approach for stochastic short-term traffic flow rate prediction and uncertainty quantification","volume":"43","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.05.022","article-title":"Multiclass traffic assignment model for mixed traffic flow of human-driven vehicles and connected and autonomous vehicles","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Howard, D., Mark, B., and Martin, H. (2007). Neural Network Toolbox For Use with Matlab, The Math Works."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Mahut, M., Florian, M., and Tremblay, N. (2004, January 3\u20136). Evaluation of a simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment model in off-line use. Proceedings of the 7th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Washington, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915369","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2915369","article-title":"Application of data science technologies in intelligent prediction of traffic congestion","volume":"2019","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2019.103952","article-title":"OpenTrack simulation model files and output dataset for a Copenhagen suburban railway","volume":"25","author":"Harrod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Data in Brief"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sliwa, B., Liebig, T., Vranken, T., Schreckenberg, M., and Wietfeld, C. (2019, January 8\u201311). System-of-systems modeling, analysis and optimization of hybrid vehicular traffic. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SYSCON.2019.8836786"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s42421-019-00009-5","article-title":"Efficient Data Collection and Accurate Travel Time Estimation in a Connected Vehicle Environment Via Real-Time Compressive Sensing","volume":"1","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Big Data Anal. Transp."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012827724856","article-title":"Foundations of dynamic traffic assignment: The past, the present and the future","volume":"1","author":"Peeta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Netw. Spat. Econ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2018.09.098","article-title":"A route-based traffic flow model accounting for interruption factors","volume":"514","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physica A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2019.09.002","article-title":"Motorway traffic flow modelling, estimation and control with vehicle automation and communication systems","volume":"48","author":"Papamichail","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobo, J., Alberti, M., Allen-Dumas, M., Arcaute, E., Barthelemy, M., Tapia, L., Brail, S., Bettencourt, L., Beukes, A., and Chen, W. (2020). Urban science: Integrated theory from the first cities to sustainable metropolises. SSRN Electron. J.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3526940"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barthelemy, M. (2020). Revisiting urban economics for understanding urban data. Theories and Models of Urbanization, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36656-8_7"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haferkamp, M., Al-Askary, M., Dorn, D., Sliwa, B., Habel, L., Schreckenberg, M., and Wietfeld, C. (2017, January 4\u20137). Radio-based traffic flow detection and vehicle classification for future smart cities. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Sydney, NSW, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2017.8108633"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.07.005","article-title":"A discrete dynamical system of formulating traffic assignment: Revisiting Smith\u2019s model","volume":"71","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450.2017.1412829","article-title":"Urban travel time reliability at different traffic conditions","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Alshalalfah, B., Kaysi, I., Sayegh, A., and Shalaby, A. (2013, January 15\u201319). Performance measurement systems for public transport systems in mass events: Lessons learned from the Southern Masha\u2019er rail system during the 2010 pilgrimage season. Proceedings of the the 13th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport (Thredbo), Oxford, UK."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2020.03.137","article-title":"A dynamic OD prediction approach for urban networks based on automatic number plate recognition data","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2582920","article-title":"Reliability-based traffic signal control for urban arterial roads","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119847473","article-title":"Cooperative adaptive cruise control for a platoon of connected and autonomous vehicles considering dynamic information flow topology","volume":"2673","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"701","article-title":"A modular colored stochastic petri net for modeling and analysis of signalized intersections","volume":"17","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Li, C., Li, Y., Peeta, S., and Lin, L. (2018, January 19\u201323). Car-following behavior of connected vehicles in a mixed traffic flow: Modeling and stability analysis. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 8th Annual International Conference on CYBER Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER), Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CYBER.2018.8688207"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/7\/1172\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:51:36Z","timestamp":1760176296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/7\/1172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["sym12071172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym12071172","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]]}}}